Quantum technologies are maturing by the day and their near-term applications are now of great interest. Deep-space optical communication involves transmission over the pure-state classical-quantum channel. For optimal detection, a joint measurement on all output qubits is required in general. Since this is hard to realize, current (sub-optimal) schemes perform symbol-by-symbol detection followed by classical post-processing. In this paper we focus on a recently proposed belief propagation algorithm by Renes that passes qubit messages on the factor graph of a classical error-correcting code. More importantly, it only involves single-qubit Pauli measurements during the process. For an example 5-bit code, we analyze the involved density matrices and calculate the error probabilities on this channel. Then we numerically compute the optimal joint detection limit using the Yuen-Kennedy-Lax conditions and demonstrate that the calculated error probabilities for this algorithm appear to achieve this limit. This represents a first step towards achieveing quantum communication advantage. We verify our analysis using Monte-Carlo simulations in practice.
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Belief propagation with quantum messages for quantum-enhanced classical communications
For space-based laser communications, when the mean photon number per received optical pulse is much smaller than one, there is a large gap between communications capacity achievable with a receiver that performs individual pulse-by-pulse detection, and the quantum-optimal “joint-detection receiver” that acts collectively on long codeword-blocks of modulated pulses; an effect often termed “superadditive capacity”. In this paper, we consider the simplest scenario where a large superadditive capacity is known: a pure-loss channel with a coherent-state binary phase-shift keyed (BPSK) modulation. The two BPSK states can be mapped conceptually to two non-orthogonal states of a qubit, described by an inner product that is a function of the mean photon number per pulse. Using this map, we derive an explicit construction of the quantum circuit of a joint-detection receiver based on a recent idea of “belief-propagation with quantum messages” (BPQM). We quantify its performance improvement over the Dolinar receiver that performs optimal pulse-by-pulse detection, which represents the best “classical” approach. We analyze the scheme rigorously and show that it achieves the quantum limit of minimum average error probability in discriminating 8 (BPSK) codewords of a length-5 binary linear code with a tree factor graph. Our result suggests that a BPQM receiver might attain the Holevo capacity of this BPSK-modulated pure-loss channel. Moreover, our receiver circuit provides an alternative proposal for a quantum supremacy experiment, targeted at a specific application that can potentially be implemented on a small, special-purpose, photonic quantum computer capable of performing cat-basis universal qubit logic.
more » « less- PAR ID:
- 10249898
- Publisher / Repository:
- Nature Publishing Group
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- npj Quantum Information
- Volume:
- 7
- Issue:
- 1
- ISSN:
- 2056-6387
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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