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1. Deep Learning and Machine Learning Techniques to Classify Electrical and Electronic Equipment

   https://doi.org/10.1115/DETC2021-71403  

   Hu, Shuaizhou; Zhang, Xinyao; Liao, Hao-yu; Liang, Xiao; Zheng, Minghui; Behdad, Sara (August 2021, Proceedings of the ASME 2021 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference)

   Abstract Remanufacturing sites often receive products with different brands, models, conditions, and quality levels. Proper sorting and classification of the waste stream is a primary step in efficiently recovering and handling used products. The correct classification is particularly crucial in future electronic waste (e-waste) management sites equipped with Artificial Intelligence (AI) and robotic technologies. Robots should be enabled with proper algorithms to recognize and classify products with different features and prepare them for assembly and disassembly tasks. In this study, two categories of Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) techniques are used to classify consumer electronics. ML models include Naïve Bayes with Bernoulli, Gaussian, Multinomial distributions, and Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithms with four kernels of Linear, Radial Basis Function (RBF), Polynomial, and Sigmoid. While DL models include VGG-16, GoogLeNet, Inception-v3, Inception-v4, and ResNet-50. The above-mentioned models are used to classify three laptop brands, including Apple, HP, and ThinkPad. First the Edge Histogram Descriptor (EHD) and Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) are used to extract features as inputs to ML models for classification. DL models use laptop images without pre-processing on feature extraction. The trained models are slightly overfitting due to the limited dataset and complexity of model parameters. Despite slight overfitting, the models can identify each brand. The findings prove that DL models outperform them of ML. Among DL models, GoogLeNet has the highest performance in identifying the laptop brands. 

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2. Comparing machine learning and deep learning regression frameworks for accurate prediction of dielectrophoretic force

   https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-16114-5  

   Ajala, Sunday; Muraleedharan Jalajamony, Harikrishnan; Nair, Midhun; Marimuthu, Pradeep; Fernandez, Renny Edwin (July 2022, Scientific Reports)

   Abstract An intelligent sensing framework using Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) architectures to precisely quantify dielectrophoretic force invoked on microparticles in a textile electrode-based DEP sensing device is reported. The prediction accuracy and generalization ability of the framework was validated using experimental results. Images of pearl chain alignment at varying input voltages were used to build deep regression models using modified ML and CNN architectures that can correlate pearl chain alignment patterns of Saccharomyces cerevisiae(yeast) cells and polystyrene microbeads to DEP force. Various ML models such as K-Nearest Neighbor, Support Vector Machine, Random Forest, Neural Networks, and Linear Regression along with DL models such as Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architectures of AlexNet, ResNet-50, MobileNetV2, and GoogLeNet have been analyzed in order to build an effective regression framework to estimate the force induced on yeast cells and microbeads. The efficiencies of the models were evaluated using Mean Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Relative, Mean Squared Error, R-squared, and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) as evaluation metrics. ResNet-50 with RMSPROP gave the best performance, with a validation RMSE of 0.0918 on yeast cells while AlexNet with ADAM optimizer gave the best performance, with a validation RMSE of 0.1745 on microbeads. This provides a baseline for further studies in the application of deep learning in DEP aided Lab-on-Chip devices. 

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3. An Ensemble-Based Machine Learning for Predicting Fraud of Credit Card Transactions

   https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10464-0_14  

   Baabdullah, T.; Rawat, D.; Liu, C.; Alzahrani, A. (January 2022, Proceedings of 2022 Computing Conference, Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems)

   Recently, using credit cards has been considered one of the essential things of our life due to its pros of being easy to use and flexible to pay. The critical impact of the increment of using credit cards is the occurrence of fraudulent transactions, which allow the illegal user to get money and free goods via unauthorized usage. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) have become effective techniques used in different applications to ensure cybersecurity. This paper proposes our fraud detection system called Man-Ensemble CCFD using an ensemble-learning model with two stages of classification and detection. Stage one, called ML-CCFD, utilizes ten machine learning (ML) algorithms to classify credit card transactions to class 1 as a fraudulent transaction or class 0 as a legitimate transaction. As a result, we compared their classification reports together, precisely precision, recall (sensitivity), and f1-score. Then, we selected the most accurate ML algorithms based on their classification performance and prediction accuracy. The second stage, known Ensemble-learning CCFD, is an ensemble model that applies the Man-Ensemble method on the most effective ML algorithms from stage one. The output of the second stage is to get the final prediction instead of using common types of ensemble learning, such as voting, stacking, boosting, and others. Our framework’s results showed the effectiveness and efficiency of our fraud detection system compared to using ML algorithms individually due to their weakness issues, such as errors, overfitting, bias, prediction accuracy, and even their robustness level. 

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4. A reliable diabetic retinopathy grading via transfer learning and ensemble learning with quadratic weighted kappa metric

   https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-024-02446-x  

   Chilukoti, Sai Venkatesh; Shan, Liqun; Tida, Vijay Srinivas; Maida, Anthony S.; Hei, Xiali (February 2024, BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making)

   Abstract The most common eye infection in people with diabetes is diabetic retinopathy (DR). It might cause blurred vision or even total blindness. Therefore, it is essential to promote early detection to prevent or alleviate the impact of DR. However, due to the possibility that symptoms may not be noticeable in the early stages of DR, it is difficult for doctors to identify them. Therefore, numerous predictive models based on machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) have been developed to determine all stages of DR. However, existing DR classification models cannot classify every DR stage or use a computationally heavy approach. Common metrics such as accuracy, F1 score, precision, recall, and AUC-ROC score are not reliable for assessing DR grading. This is because they do not account for two key factors: the severity of the discrepancy between the assigned and predicted grades and the ordered nature of the DR grading scale.  This research proposes computationally efficient ensemble methods for the classification of DR. These methods leverage pre-trained model weights, reducing training time and resource requirements. In addition, data augmentation techniques are used to address data limitations, improve features, and improve generalization. This combination offers a promising approach for accurate and robust DR grading. In particular, we take advantage of transfer learning using models trained on DR data and employ CLAHE for image enhancement and Gaussian blur for noise reduction. We propose a three-layer classifier that incorporates dropout and ReLU activation. This design aims to minimize overfitting while effectively extracting features and assigning DR grades. We prioritize the Quadratic Weighted Kappa (QWK) metric due to its sensitivity to label discrepancies, which is crucial for an accurate diagnosis of DR. This combined approach achieves state-of-the-art QWK scores (0.901, 0.967 and 0.944) in the Eyepacs, Aptos, and Messidor datasets. 

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5. Tire mode shape categorization using Zernike annular moment and machine learning classification

   https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-59548-9  

   Parthasarathy, Sudharsan; Seo, Junhyeon; Kapania, Rakesh K. (December 2024, Scientific Reports)

   Abstract This research proposes a framework for categorizing the radial tire mode shapes using machine learning (ML) based classification and feature recognition algorithms, advancing the development of a digital twin for tire performance analysis. Tire mode shape categorization is required to identify modal features in a specific frequency range to maximize driving performance and secure safety. However, the mode categorization work requires a lot of manual effort to interpret modes. Therefore, this study suggests an ML-based classification tool to replace the conventional categorization process with two primary objectives: (1) create a database by categorizing the tire mode shapes based on the identified features and (2) develop an ML-based surrogate model to classify the tire mode shapes without manual effort. The feature map of the tire mode shape is built with the Zernike annular moment descriptor (ZAMD). The mode shapes are categorized using the correlation value derived by the modal assurance criteria (MAC) with all ZAMD values for each tire mode shape and subsequently creating the appropriate labels. The decision tree, random forests, and XGBoost, the representative supervised-learning algorithms for classification, are implemented for surrogate model development. The best-performed classifier can categorize the mode shapes without any manual effort with a high accuracy of 99.5%. 

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