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Range anxiety and lack of adequate access to fast charging are proving to be important impediments to electric vehicle (EV) adoption. While many techniques to fast charging EV batteries (model-based & model-free) have been developed, they have focused on a single Lithium-ion cell. Extensions to battery packs are scarce, often considering simplified architectures (e.g., series-connected) for ease of modeling. Computational considerations have also restricted fast-charging simulations to small battery packs, e.g., four cells (for both series and parallel connected cells). Hence, in this paper, we pursue a model-free approach based on reinforcement learning (RL) to fast charge a large battery pack (comprising 444 cells). Each cell is characterized by an equivalent circuit model coupled with a second-order lumped thermal model to simulate the battery behavior. After training the underlying RL, the developed model will be straightforward to implement with low computational complexity. In detail, we utilize a Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) deep RL as the training algorithm. The RL is trained in such a way that the capacity loss due to fast charging is minimized. The pack’s highest cell surface temperature is considered an RL state, along with the pack’s state of charge. Finally, in a detailed case study, the results are compared with the constant current-constant voltage (CC-CV) approach, and the outperformance of the RL-based approach is demonstrated. Our proposed PPO model charges the battery as fast as a CC-CV with a 5C constant stage while maintaining the temperature as low as a CC-CV with a 4C constant stage.
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An Algorithmic Safety VEST For Li-ion Batteries During Fast Charging
Fast charging of lithium-ion batteries is crucial to increase desirability for consumers and hence accelerate the adoption of electric vehicles. A major barrier to shorter charge times is the accelerated aging of the battery at higher charging rates, which can be driven by lithium plating, increased solid electrolyte interphase growth due to elevated temperatures, and particle cracking due to mechanical stress. Lithium plating depends on the overpotential of the negative electrode, and mechanical stress depends on the concentration gradient, both of which cannot be measured directly. Techniques based on physics-based models of the battery and optimal control algorithms have been developed to this end. While these methods show promise in reducing degradation, their optimization algorithms' complexity can limit their implementation. In this paper, we present a method based on the constant current constant voltage (CC-CV) charging scheme, called CC-CVησT (VEST). The new approach is simpler to implement and can be used with any model to impose varying levels of constraints on variables pertinent to degradation, such as plating potential and mechanical stress. We demonstrate the new CC-CVησT charging using an electrochemical model with mechanical and thermal effects included. Furthermore, we discuss how uncertainties can be accounted for by considering safety margins for the plating and stress constraints.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1762247
- PAR ID:
- 10299039
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- 2021 Modeling, Estimation and Control Conference
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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