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   Wang, Peter L.; Michael McCarthy, J. (April 2018, Journal of Mechanisms and Robotics)
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3. The Dragonfly Wing Project

   1.Zheng, Hao; Akbarzadeh, Masoud (January 2022, Architectural design)

   Del Campo, Matias; Leach, Neil (Ed.)

   Special Issue: Machine Hallucinations: Architecture and Artificial Intelligence Nature has always been the master of design skills to which humans only aspire, but new approaches bring that aspiration closer to our reach than ever before. Through 4.5 billion years of iterations, nature has shown us its extraordinary craftsmanship, breeding a variety of species whose body structures have gradually evolved to adapt to natural phenomena and make full use of their unique characteristics. The dragonfly wing, among body structures, is an extreme example of efficient use of materials and minimal weight while remaining strong enough to withstand the tremendous forces of flight. It has long been the object of scientific research examining its structural advantages to apply its principles to fabricated designs.1 We can imitate its form and create duplicates, but thoroughly understanding the dragonfly wing’s mechanism, behavior, and design logic is no trivial task. 

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4. The Dragonfly Wing Project

   Zheng, Hao; Akbarzadeh, Masoud (January 2022, Architectural design)

   del Campo, Matias; Leach, Neil (Ed.)

   Nature has always been the master of design skills to which humans only aspire to, but new approaches bring that aspiration closer to our reach than ever before. Through 4.5 billion years of iterations, nature has shown us its extraordinary craftsmanship, breeding a variety of species whose body structures have gradually evolved to adapt to natural phenomena and make full use of their unique characteristics. The dragonfly wing, among body structure is an extreme example of efficient use of materials and minimal weight while remaining strong enough to withstand the tremendous forces of flight. It has long been the object of scientific research examining its structural advantages to applying their principles to fabricated designs.1 We can imitate its form and create duplicates, but thoroughly understanding the dragonfly wing’s mechanism, behavior and design logic is no trivial task. 

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5. Dimensional analysis of spring-wing systems reveals performance metrics for resonant flapping-wing flight

   https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2020.0888  

   Lynch, James; Gau, Jeff; Sponberg, Simon; Gravish, Nick (February 2021, Journal of The Royal Society Interface)

   null (Ed.)

   Flapping-wing insects, birds and robots are thought to offset the high power cost of oscillatory wing motion by using elastic elements for energy storage and return. Insects possess highly resilient elastic regions in their flight anatomy that may enable high dynamic efficiency. However, recent experiments highlight losses due to damping in the insect thorax that could reduce the benefit of those elastic elements. We performed experiments on, and simulations of, a dynamically scaled robophysical flapping model with an elastic element and biologically relevant structural damping to elucidate the roles of body mechanics, aerodynamics and actuation in spring-wing energetics. We measured oscillatory flapping-wing dynamics and energetics subject to a range of actuation parameters, system inertia and spring elasticity. To generalize these results, we derive the non-dimensional spring-wing equation of motion and present variables that describe the resonance properties of flapping systems: N , a measure of the relative influence of inertia and aerodynamics, and K ^ , the reduced stiffness. We show that internal damping scales with N , revealing that dynamic efficiency monotonically decreases with increasing N . Based on these results, we introduce a general framework for understanding the roles of internal damping, aerodynamic and inertial forces, and elastic structures within all spring-wing systems. 

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