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   Ansari, Ali; Lee-Montiel, Felipe T.; Amos, Jennifer R.; Imoukhuede, P. I. (November 2015, Biotechnology and Bioengineering)
2. Targeted Cross-Validation

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4. Genetically targeted chemical assembly

   https://doi.org/10.1038/s44222-023-00110-z  

   Zhang, Anqi; Jiang, Yuanwen; Loh, Kang Yong; Bao, Zhenan; Deisseroth, Karl (October 2023, Nature Reviews Bioengineering)

   Cell type-specific interfaces within living animals will be invaluable for achieving communication with identifiable cells over the long term, enabling applications across many scientific and medical fields. However, biological tissues exhibit complex and dynamic organization properties that pose serious challenges for chronic cell-specific interfacing. A new technology, combining chemistry and molecular biology, has emerged to address this challenge: genetically targeted chemical assembly (GTCA), in which specific cells are genetically programmed (even in wild-type or non-transgenic animals, including mammals) to chemically construct non-biological structures. Here, we discuss recent progress in genetically targeted construction of materials and outline opportunities that may expand the GTCA toolbox, including specific chemical processes involving novel monomers, catalysts and reaction regimes both de cellula (from the cell) and ad cellula (towards the cell); different GTCA-compatible reaction conditions with a focus on light-based patterning; and potential applications of GTCA in research and clinical settings. 

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5. Robot-Assisted Targeted Gait Training

   https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.9679  

   Chambers, Vaughn; Johnson, Madison; Artemiadis, Panagiotis (October 2023, Journal of Kinesiology and Exercise Sciences)

   Background: Millions of people are affected yearly by “runner’s knee” and osteoarthritis, which is thought to be related to impact force. Millions are also affected by chronic falling, who are usually both difficult to identify and train. While at first glance, these topics seem to be entirely disconnected, there appears to be a need for a device that would address both issues. This paper proposes and investigates the use of the Variable Stiffness Treadmill (VST) as a targeted training device for the different populations described above. Materials and Methods: The VST is the authors’ unique robotic split-belt treadmill that can reduce the vertical ground stiffness of the left belt, while the right belt remains rigid. In this work, heart rate and energy expenditure are measured for healthy subjects in the challenging asymmetric environment created by the VST and compared to a traditional treadmill setting. Results: This study shows that this asymmetric environment results in an increase in heart rate and energy expenditure, an increase in activity in the muscles about the hip and knee, and a decrease in impact force at heel strike. Conclusions: Compliant environments, like those created on the VST, may be a beneficial tool as they can: reduce high-impact forces during running and walking, significantly engage the muscles surrounding the hip and knee allowing for targeted training and rehabilitation, and assist in identifying and training high fall-risk individuals. 

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