Abstract Liquid argon time projection chamber detector technology provides high spatial and calorimetric resolutions on the charged particles traversing liquid argon. As a result, the technology has been used in a number of recent neutrino experiments, and is the technology of choice for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). In order to perform high precision measurements of neutrinos in the detector, final state particles need to be effectively identified, and their energy accurately reconstructed. This article proposes an algorithm based on a convolutional neural network to perform the classification of energy deposits and reconstructed particles as track-like or arising from electromagnetic cascades. Results from testing the algorithm on experimental data from ProtoDUNE-SP, a prototype of the DUNE far detector, are presented. The network identifies track- and shower-like particles, as well as Michel electrons, with high efficiency. The performance of the algorithm is consistent between experimental data and simulation.
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- Design, construction and operation of the ProtoDUNE-SP Liquid Argon TPC
Title:
Design, construction and operation of the ProtoDUNE-SP Liquid Argon TPC
Abstract The ProtoDUNE-SP detector is a single-phase liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) that was constructed and operated in the CERN North Area at the end of the H4 beamline. This detector is a prototype for the first far detector module of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), which will be constructed at the Sandford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, South Dakota, U.S.A. The ProtoDUNE-SP detector incorporates full-size components as designed for DUNE and has an active volume of 7 × 6 × 7.2 m 3 . The H4 beam delivers incident particles with well-measured momenta and high-purity particle identification. ProtoDUNE-SP's successful operation between 2018 and 2020 demonstrates the effectiveness of the single-phase far detector design. This paper describes the design, construction, assembly and operation of the detector components.
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- NSF-PAR ID:
- 10325339
- Author(s) / Creator(s):
- Abed Abud, A.; Abi, B.; Acciarri, R.; Acero, M.A.; Adames, M.R.; Adamov, G.; Adams, D.; Adinolfi, M.; Aduszkiewicz, A.; Aguilar, J.; Ahmad, Z.; Ahmed, J.; Ali-Mohammadzadeh, B.; Alion, T.; Allison, K.; Alonso Monsalve, S.; Alrashed, M.; Alt, C.; Alton, A.; Amedo, P.more » ; Anderson, J.; Andreopoulos, C.; Andreotti, M.; Andrews, M.P.; Andrianala, F.; Andringa, S.; Anfimov, N.; Ankowski, A.; Antoniassi, M.; Antonova, M.; Antoshkin, A.; Antusch, S.; Aranda-Fernandez, A.; Ariga, A.; Arnold, L.O.; Arroyave, M.A.; Asaadi, J.; Asquith, L.; Aurisano, A.; Aushev, V.; Autiero, D.; Ayala-Torres, M.; Azfar, F.; Back, A.; Back, H.; Back, J.J.; Backhouse, C.; Baesso, P.; Bagaturia, I.; Bagby, L.; Balashov, N.; Balasubramanian, S.; Baldi, P.; Baller, B.; Bambah, B.; Barao, F.; Barenboim, G.; Barker, G.J.; Barkhouse, W.; Barnes, C.; Barr, G.; Barranco Monarca, J.; Barros, A.; Barros, N.; Barrow, J.L.; Basharina-Freshville, A.; Bashyal, A.; Basque, V.; Belchior, E.; Battat, J.B.R.; Battisti, F.; Bay, F.; Bazo Alba, J.L.; Beacom, J.F.; Bechetoille, E.; Behera, B.; Bellantoni, L.; Bellettini, G.; Bellini, V.; Beltramello, O.; Belver, D.; Benekos, N.; Benitez Montiel, C.; Bento Neves, F.; Berger, J.; Berkman, S.; Bernardini, P.; Berner, R.M.; Berns, H.; Bertolucci, S.; Betancourt, M.; Betancur Rodríguez, A.; Bevan, A.; Bezerra, T.J.C.; Bhattacharjee, M.; Bhuller, S.; Bhuyan, B.; Biagi, S.; Bian, J.; Biassoni, M.; Biery, K.; Bilki, B.; Bishai, M.; Bitadze, A.; Blake, A.; Blaszczyk, F.D.M.; Blazey, G.C.; Blucher, E.; Boissevain, J.; Bolognesi, S.; Bolton, T.; Bomben, L.; Bonesini, M.; Bongrand, M.; Bonini, F.; Booth, A.; Booth, C.; Boran, F.; Bordoni, S.; Borkum, A.; Boschi, T.; Bostan, N.; Bour, P.; Bourgeois, C.; Boyd, S.B.; Boyden, D.; Bracinik, J.; Braga, D.; Brailsford, D.; Branca, A.; Brandt, A.; Bremer, J.; Brew, C.; Brianne, E.; Brice, S.J.; Brizzolari, C.; Bromberg, C.; Brooijmans, G.; Brooke, J.; Bross, A.; Brunetti, G.; Brunetti, M.; Buchanan, N.; Budd, H.; Butorov, I.; Cagnoli, I.; Caiulo, D.; Calabrese, R.; Calafiura, P.; Calcutt, J.; Calin, M.; Calvez, S.; Calvo, E.; Caminata, A.; Campanelli, M.; Cankocak, K.; Caratelli, D.; Carini, G.; Carlus, B.; Carneiro, M.F.; Carniti, P.; Caro Terrazas, I.; Carranza, H.; Carroll, T.; Casta, J.F.; Castillo, A.; Castromonte, C.; Catano-Mur, E.; Cattadori, C.; Cavalier, F.; Cavanna, F.; Centro, S.; Cerati, G.; Cervelli, A.; Cervera Villanueva, A.; Chalifour, M.; Chappell, A.; Chardonnet, E.; Charitonidis, N.; Chatterjee, A.; Chattopadhyay, S.; Chen, H.; Chen, K.; Chen, M.; Chen, Y.; Chen, Z.; Cheon, Y.; Cherdack, D.; Chi, C.; Childress, S.; Chiriacescu, A.; Chisnall, G.; Cho, K.; Choate, S.; Chokheli, D.; Chong, P.S.; Choubey, S.; Christensen, A.; Christian, D.; Christodoulou, G.; Chukanov, A.; Chung, M.; Church, E.; Cicero, V.; Clarke, P.; Coan, T.E.; Cocco, A.G.; Coelho, J.A.B.; Conley, E.; Conley, R.; Conrad, J.M.; Convery, M.; Copello, S.; Corwin, L.; Valentim, R.; Cremaldi, L.; Cremonesi, L.; Crespo-Anadón, J.I.; Crisler, M.; Cristaldo, E.; Cross, R.; Cudd, A.; Cuesta, C.; Cui, Y.; Cussans, D.; Dabrowski, M.; Dalager, O.; da Motta, H.; Da Silva Peres, L.; David, C.; David, Q.; Davies, G.S.; Davini, S.; Dawson, J.; De, K.; De Almeida, R.M.; Debbins, P.; De Bonis, I.; Decowski, M.P.; de Gouvêa, A.; De Holanda, P.C.; De Icaza Astiz, I.L.; Deisting, A.; De Jong, P.; Delbart, A.; Delepine, D.; Delgado, M.; Dell'Acqua, A.; De Lurgio, P.; de Mello Neto, J.R.T.; DeMuth, D.M.; Dennis, S.; Densham, C.; Deptuch, G.W.; De Roeck, A.; De Romeri, V.; De Souza, G.; Devi, R.; Dharmapalan, R.; Dias, M.; Diaz, F.; Díaz, J.S.; Di Domizio, S.; Di Giulio, L.; Ding, P.; Di Noto, L.; Distefano, C.; Diurba, R.; Diwan, M.; Djurcic, Z.; Doering, D.; Dolan, S.; Dolek, F.; Dolinski, M.J.; Domine, L.; Douglas, D.; Douillet, D.; Drake, G.; Drielsma, F.; Duarte, L.; Duchesneau, D.; Duffy, K.; Dunne, P.; Durkin, T.; Duyang, H.; Dvornikov, O.; Dwyer, D.A.; Dyshkant, A.S.; Eads, M.; Earle, A.; Edmunds, D.; Eisch, J.; Emberger, L.; Emery, S.; Ereditato, A.; Erjavec, T.; Escobar, C.O.; Eurin, G.; Evans, J.J.; Ewart, E.; Ezeribe, A.C.; Fahey, K.; Falcone, A.; Fani', M.; Farnese, C.; Farzan, Y.; Fedoseev, D.; Felix, J.; Feng, Y.; Fernandez-Martinez, E.; Fernandez Menendez, P.; Fernandez Morales, M.; Ferraro, F.; Fields, L.; Filip, P.; Filthaut, F.; Fiorentini, A.; Fiorini, M.; Fitzpatrick, R.S.; Flanagan, W.; Fleming, B.; Flight, R.; Forero, D.V.; Fowler, J.; Fox, W.; Franc, J.; Francis, K.; Franco, D.; Freeman, J.; Freestone, J.; Fried, J.; Friedland, A.; Fuentes Robayo, F.; Fuess, S.; Furic, I.; Furmanski, A.P.; Gabrielli, A.; Gago, A.; Gallagher, H.; Gallas, A.; Gallego-Ros, A.; Gallice, N.; Galymov, V.; Gamberini, E.; Gamble, T.; Ganacim, F.; Gandhi, R.; Gandrajula, R.; Gao, F.; Gao, S.; Garcia B., A.C.; Garcia-Gamez, D.; García-Peris, M.Á.; Gardiner, S.; Gastler, D.; Gauvreau, J.; Ge, G.; Gelli, B.; Gendotti, A.; Gent, S.; Ghorbani-Moghaddam, Z.; Giammaria, P.; Giammaria, T.; Gibin, D.; Gil-Botella, I.; Gilligan, S.; Girerd, C.; Giri, A.K.; Gnani, D.; Gogota, O.; Gold, M.; Gollapinni, S.; Gollwitzer, K.; Gomes, R.A.; Gomez Bermeo, L.V.; Gomez Fajardo, L.S.; Gonnella, F.; Gonzalez-Cuevas, J.A.; Gonzalez Diaz, D.; Gonzalez-Lopez, M.; Goodman, M.C.; Goodwin, O.; Goswami, S.; Gotti, C.; Goudzovski, E.; Grace, C.; Graham, M.; Gran, R.; Granados, E.; Granger, P.; Grant, A.; Grant, C.; Gratieri, D.; Green, P.; Greenler, L.; Greer, J.; Grenard, J.; Griffith, W.C.; Groh, M.; Grudzinski, J.; Grzelak, K.; Gu, W.; Guardincerri, E.; Guarino, V.; Guarise, M.; Guenette, R.; Guerard, E.; Guerzoni, M.; Guglielmi, A.; Guo, B.; Guthikonda, K.K.; Gutierrez, R.; Guzowski, P.; Guzzo, M.M.; Gwon, S.; Ha, C.; Habig, A.; Hadavand, H.; Haenni, R.; Hahn, A.; Haiston, J.; Hamacher-Baumann, P.; Hamernik, T.; Hamilton, P.; Han, J.; Harris, D.A.; Hartnell, J.; Harton, J.; Hasegawa, T.; Hasnip, C.; Hatcher, R.; Hatfield, K.W.; Hatzikoutelis, A.; Hayes, C.; Hayrapetyan, K.; Hays, J.; Hazen, E.; He, M.; Heavey, A.; Heeger, K.M.; Heise, J.; Hennessy, K.; Henry, S.; Hernandez Morquecho, M.A.; Herner, K.; Hertel, L.; Hewes, J.; Higuera, A.; Hill, T.; Hillier, S.J.; Himmel, A.; Hirsch, L.R.; Ho, J.; Hoff, J.; Holin, A.; Hoppe, E.; Horton-Smith, G.A.; Hostert, M.; Hourlier, A.; Howard, B.; Howell, R.; Hristova, I.; Hronek, M.S.; Huang, J.; Huang, J.; Hugon, J.; Iles, G.; Ilic, N.; Iliescu, A.M.; Illingworth, R.; Ingratta, G.; Ioannisian, A.; Isenhower, L.; Itay, R.; Izmaylov, A.; Jackson, C.M.; Jain, V.; James, E.; Jang, W.; Jargowsky, B.; Jediny, F.; Jena, D.; Jeong, Y.S.; Jesús-Valls, C.; Ji, X.; Jiang, L.; Jiménez, S.; Jipa, A.; Johnson, R.; Johnston, N.; Jones, B.; Jones, S.B.; Judah, M.; Jung, C.K.; Junk, T.; Jwa, Y.; Kabirnezhad, M.; Kaboth, A.; Kadenko, I.; Kalra, D.; Kakorin, I.; Kalitkina, A.; Kamiya, F.; Kaneshige, N.; Karagiorgi, G.; Karaman, G.; Karcher, A.; Karolak, M.; Karyotakis, Y.; Kasai, S.; Kasetti, S.P.; Kashur, L.; Kazaryan, N.; Kearns, E.; Keener, P.; Kelly, K.J.; Kemp, E.; Kemularia, O.; Ketchum, W.; Kettell, S.H.; Khabibullin, M.; Khotjantsev, A.; Khvedelidze, A.; Kim, D.; King, B.; Kirby, B.; Kirby, M.; Klein, J.; Koehler, K.; Koerner, L.W.; Kohn, S.; Koller, P.P.; Kolupaeva, L.; Korablev, D.; Kordosky, M.; Kosc, T.; Kose, U.; Kostelecký, V.A.; Kothekar, K.; Krennrich, F.; Kreslo, I.; Kropp, W.; Kudenko, Y.; Kudryavtsev, V.A.; Kulagin, S.; Kumar, J.; Kumar, P.; Kunze, P.; Kuruppu, C.; Kus, V.; Kutter, T.; Kvasnicka, J.; Kwak, D.; Lambert, A.; Land, B.J.; Lande, K.; Lane, C.E.; Lang, K.; Langford, T.; Langstaff, M.; Larkin, J.; Lasorak, P.; Last, D.; Lastoria, C.; Laundrie, A.; Laurenti, G.; Lawrence, A.; Lazanu, I.; LaZur, R.; Lazzaroni, M.; Le, T.; Leardini, S.; Learned, J.; LeBrun, P.; LeCompte, T.; Lee, C.; Lee, S.Y.; Lehmann Miotto, G.; Lehnert, R.; Leigui de Oliveira, M.A.; Leitner, M.; Lepin, L.M.; Li, L.; Li, S.W.; Li, T.; Li, Y.; Liao, H.; Lin, C.S.; Lin, Q.; Lin, S.; Ling, J.; Lister, A.; Littlejohn, B.R.; Liu, J.; Lockwitz, S.; Loew, T.; Lokajicek, M.; Lomidze, I.; Long, K.; Loo, K.; Lord, T.; LoSecco, J.M.; Louis, W.C.; Lu, X.-G.; Luk, K.B.; Luo, X.; Luppi, E.; Lurkin, N.; Lux, T.; Luzio, V.P.; MacFarlane, D.; Machado, A.A.; Machado, P.; Macias, C.T.; Macier, J.R.; Maddalena, A.; Madera, A.; Madigan, P.; Magill, S.; Mahn, K.; Maio, A.; Major, A.; Maloney, J.A.; Mandrioli, G.; Mandujano, R.C.; Maneira, J.; Manenti, L.; Manly, S.; Mann, A.; Manolopoulos, K.; Manrique Plata, M.; Manyam, V.N.; Manzanillas, L.; Marchan, M.; Marchionni, A.; Marciano, W.; Marfatia, D.; Mariani, C.; Maricic, J.; Marie, R.; Marinho, F.; Marino, A.D.; Marsden, D.; Marshak, M.; Marshall, C.M.; Marshall, J.; Marteau, J.; Martin-Albo, J.; Martinez, N.; Martinez Caicedo, D.A.; Martynenko, S.; Mascagna, V.; Mason, K.; Mastbaum, A.; Masud, M.; Matichard, F.; Matsuno, S.; Matthews, J.; Mauger, C.; Mauri, N.; Mavrokoridis, K.; Mawby, I.; Mazza, R.; Mazzacane, A.; Mazzucato, E.; McAskill, T.; McCluskey, E.; McConkey, N.; McFarland, K.S.; McGrew, C.; McNab, A.; Mefodiev, A.; Mehta, P.; Melas, P.; Mena, O.; Menary, S.; Mendez, H.; Mendez, P.; M, D.P.; Menegolli, A.; Meng, G.; Messier, M.D.; Metcalf, W.; Mettler, T.; Mewes, M.; Meyer, H.; Miao, T.; Michna, G.; Miedema, T.; Mikola, V.; Milincic, R.; Miller, G.; Miller, W.; Mills, J.; Milne, C.; Mineev, O.; Miranda, O.G.; Miryala, S.; Mishra, C.S.; Mishra, S.R.; Mislivec, A.; Mladenov, D.; Mocioiu, I.; Moffat, K.; Moggi, N.; Mohanta, R.; Mohayai, T.A.; Mokhov, N.; Molina, J.; Molina Bueno, L.; Montagna, E.; Montanari, A.; Montanari, C.; Montanari, D.; Montano Zetina, L.M.; Moon, J.; Moon, S.H.; Mooney, M.; Moor, A.F.; Moreno, D.; Morris, C.; Mossey, C.; Motuk, E.; Moura, C.A.; Mousseau, J.; Mouster, G.; Mu, W.; Mualem, L.; Mueller, J.; Muether, M.; Mufson, S.; Muheim, F.; Muir, A.; Mulhearn, M.; Munford, D.; Muramatsu, H.; Murphy, S.; Musser, J.; Nachtman, J.; Nagu, S.; Nalbandyan, M.; Nandakumar, R.; Naples, D.; Narita, S.; Nath, A.; Navas-Nicolás, D.; Navrer-Agasson, A.; Nayak, N.; Nebot-Guinot, M.; Negishi, K.; Nelson, J.K.; Nesbit, J.; Nessi, M.; Newbold, D.; Newcomer, M.; Newhart, D.; Newton, H.; Nichol, R.; Nicolas-Arnaldos, F.; Niner, E.; Nishimura, K.; Norman, A.; Norrick, A.; Northrop, R.; Novella, P.; Nowak, J.A.; Oberling, M.; Ochoa-Ricoux, J.P.; Olivares Del Campo, A.; Olivier, A.; Olshevskiy, A.; Onel, Y.; Onishchuk, Y.; Ott, J.; Pagani, L.; Pakvasa, S.; Palacio, G.; Palamara, O.; Palestini, S.; Paley, J.M.; Pallavicini, M.; Palomares, C.; Palomino-Gallo, J.L.; Panduro Vazquez, W.; Pantic, E.; Paolone, V.; Papadimitriou, V.; Papaleo, R.; Papanestis, A.; Paramesvaran, S.; Parke, S.; Parozzi, E.; Parsa, Z.; Parvu, M.; Pascoli, S.; Pasqualini, L.; Pasternak, J.; Pater, J.; Patrick, C.; Patrizii, L.; Patterson, R.B.; Patton, S.J.; Patzak, T.; Paudel, A.; Paulos, B.; Paulucci, L.; Pavlovic, Z.; Pawloski, G.; Payne, D.; Pec, V.; Peeters, S.J.M.; Pennacchio, E.; Penzo, A.; Peres, O.L.G.; Perry, J.; Pershey, D.; Pessina, G.; Petrillo, G.; Petta, C.; Petti, R.; Piastra, F.; Pickering, L.; Pietropaolo, F.; Plunkett, R.; Poling, R.; Pons, X.; Poonthottathil, N.; Poppi, F.; Pordes, S.; Porter, J.; Potekhin, M.; Potenza, R.; Potukuchi, B.V.K.S.; Pozimski, J.; Pozzato, M.; Prakash, S.; Prakash, T.; Prest, M.; Prince, S.; Psihas, F.; Pugnere, D.; Qian, X.; Queiroga Bazetto, M.C.; Raaf, J.L.; Radeka, V.; Rademacker, J.; Radics, B.; Rafique, A.; Raguzin, E.; Rai, M.; Rajaoalisoa, M.; Rakhno, I.; Rakotonandrasana, A.; Rakotondravohitra, L.; Ramachers, Y.A.; Rameika, R.; Ramirez Delgado, M.A.; Ramson, B.; Rappoldi, A.; Raselli, G.; Ratoff, P.; Raut, S.; Razakamiandra, R.F.; Rea, E.; Real, J.S.; Rebel, B.; Reggiani-Guzzo, M.; Rehak, T.; Reichenbacher, J.; Reitzner, S.D.; Rejeb Sfar, H.; Renshaw, A.; Rescia, S.; Resnati, F.; Reynolds, A.; Ribas, M.; Riboldi, S.; Riccio, C.; Riccobene, G.; Rice, L.C.J.; Ricol, J.; Rigamonti, A.; Rigaut, Y.; Rivera, D.; Robert, A.; Rochester, L.; Roda, M.; Rodrigues, P.; Rodriguez Alonso, M.J.; Rodriguez Bonilla, E.; Rodriguez Rondon, J.; Romo Villa, L.A.; Rosauro-Alcaraz, S.; Rosenberg, M.; Rosier, P.; Roskovec, B.; Rossella, M.; Rossi, M.; Rout, J.; Roy, P.; Roy, S.; Rubbia, A.; Rubbia, C.; Rubio, F.C.; Russell, B.; Ruterbories, D.; Rybnikov, A.; Saa-Hernandez, A.; Saakyan, R.; Sacerdoti, S.; Safford, T.; Sahu, N.; Sala, P.; Samios, N.; Samoylov, O.; Sanchez, M.C.; Sandberg, V.; Sanders, D.A.; Sankey, D.; Santana, S.; Santos-Maldonado, M.; Saoulidou, N.; Sapienza, P.; Sarasty, C.; Sarcevic, I.; Savage, G.; Savinov, V.; Scaramelli, A.; Scarff, A.; Scarpelli, A.; Schaffer, T.; Schellman, H.; Schifano, S.; Schlabach, P.; Schmitz, D.; Scholberg, K.; Schukraft, A.; Segreto, E.; Selyunin, A.; Senise, C.R.; Sensenig, J.; Seoane, M.; Seong, I.; Sergi, A.; Sgalaberna, D.; Shaevitz, M.H.; Shafaq, S.; Shamma, M.; Sharankova, R.; Sharma, H.R.; Sharma, R.; Kumar, R.; Shaw, T.; Shepherd-Themistocleous, C.; Sheshukov, A.; Shin, S.; Shoemaker, I.; Shooltz, D.; Shrock, R.; Siegel, H.; Simard, L.; Simon, F.; Simos, N.; Sinclair, J.; Sinev, G.; Singh, J.; Singh, J.; Singh, L.; Singh, V.; Sipos, R.; Sippach, F.W.; Sirri, G.; Sitraka, A.; Siyeon, K.; Skarpaas, K.; Smith, A.; Smith, E.; Smith, P.; Smolik, J.; Smy, M.; Snider, E.L.; Snopok, P.; Snowden-Ifft, D.; Soares Nunes, M.; Sobel, H.; Soderberg, M.; Sokolov, S.; Solano Salinas, C.J.; Söldner-Rembold, S.; Soleti, S.R.; Solomey, N.; Solovov, V.; Sondheim, W.E.; Sorel, M.; Sotnikov, A.; Soto-Oton, J.; Sousa, A.; Soustruznik, K.; Spagliardi, F.; Spanu, M.; Spitz, J.; Spooner, N.J.C.; Spurgeon, K.; Staley, R.; Stancari, M.; Stanco, L.; Stanley, R.; Stein, R.; Steiner, H.M.; Steklain Lisbôa, A.F.; Stewart, J.; Stillwell, B.; Stock, J.; Stocker, F.; Stokes, T.; Strait, M.; Strauss, T.; Striganov, S.; Stuart, A.; Suarez, J.G.; Sullivan, H.; Summers, D.; Surdo, A.; Susic, V.; Suter, L.; Sutera, C.M.; Svoboda, R.; Szczerbinska, B.; Szelc, A.M.; A. Tanaka, H.; Tapia Oregui, B.; Tapper, A.; Tariq, S.; Tatar, E.; Tayloe, R.; Teklu, A.M.; Tenti, M.; Terao, K.; Ternes, C.A.; Terranova, F.; Testera, G.; Thakore, T.; Thea, A.; Thompson, J.L.; Thorn, C.; Timm, S.C.; Tishchenko, V.; Todd, J.; Tomassetti, L.; Tonazzo, A.; Torbunov, D.; Torti, M.; Tortola, M.; Tortorici, F.; Tosi, N.; Totani, D.; Toups, M.; Touramanis, C.; Travaglini, R.; Trevor, J.; Trilov, S.; Trzaska, W.H.; Tsai, Y.; Tsai, Y.-T.; Tsamalaidze, Z.; Tsang, K.V.; Tsverava, N.; Tufanli, S.; Tull, C.; Tyley, E.; Tzanov, M.; Uboldi, L.; Uchida, M.A.; Urheim, J.; Usher, T.; Uzunyan, S.; Vagins, M.R.; Vahle, P.; Valdiviesso, G.A.; Valencia, E.; Pia, V.; Vallari, Z.; Vallazza, E.; Valle, J.W.F.; Vallecorsa, S.; Van Berg, R.; Van de Water, R.G.; Varanini, F.; Vargas, D.; Varner, G.; Vasel, J.; Vasina, S.; Vasseur, G.; Vaughan, N.; Vaziri, K.; Ventura, S.; Verdugo, A.; Vergani, S.; Vermeulen, M.A.; Verzocchi, M.; Vicenzi, M.; Vieira de Souza, H.; Vignoli, C.; Vilela, C.; Viren, B.; Vrba, T.; Wachala, T.; Waldron, A.V.; Wallbank, M.; Wallis, C.; Wang, H.; Wang, J.; Wang, L.; Wang, M.H.L.S.; Wang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Warburton, K.; Warner, D.; Wascko, M.O.; Waters, D.; Watson, A.; Weatherly, P.; Weber, A.; Weber, M.; Wei, H.; Weinstein, A.; Wenman, D.; Wetstein, M.; White, A.; Whitehead, L.H.; Whittington, D.; Wilking, M.J.; Wilkinson, C.; Williams, Z.; Wilson, F.; Wilson, R.J.; Wisniewski, W.; Wolcott, J.; Wongjirad, T.; Wood, A.; Wood, K.; Worcester, E.; Worcester, M.; Wret, C.; Wu, W.; Wu, W.; Xiao, Y.; Xie, F.; Yandel, E.; Yang, G.; Yang, K.; Yang, S.; Yang, T.; Yankelevich, A.; Yershov, N.; Yonehara, K.; Young, T.; Yu, B.; Yu, H.; Yu, H.; Yu, J.; Yuan, W.; Zaki, R.; Zalesak, J.; Zambelli, L.; Zamorano, B.; Zani, A.; Zazueta, L.; Zeller, G.P.; Zennamo, J.; Zeug, K.; Zhang, C.; Zhao, M.; Zhivun, E.; Zhu, G.; Zilberman, P.; Zimmerman, E.D.; Zito, M.; Zucchelli, S.; Zuklin, J.; Zutshi, V.; Zwaska, R. « less
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Journal of Instrumentation
- Volume:
- 17
- Issue:
- 01
- ISSN:
- 1748-0221
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- P01005
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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Abud, A. Abed ; Abi, B. ; Acciarri, R. ; Acero, M. A. ; Adames, M. R. ; Adamov, G. ; Adamowski, M. ; Adams, D. ; Adinolfi, M. ; Adriano, C. ; et al ( , The European Physical Journal C)Abstract The Pandora Software Development Kit and algorithm libraries provide pattern-recognition logic essential to the reconstruction of particle interactions in liquid argon time projection chamber detectors. Pandora is the primary event reconstruction software used at ProtoDUNE-SP, a prototype for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment far detector. ProtoDUNE-SP, located at CERN, is exposed to a charged-particle test beam. This paper gives an overview of the Pandora reconstruction algorithms and how they have been tailored for use at ProtoDUNE-SP. In complex events with numerous cosmic-ray and beam background particles, the simulated reconstruction and identification efficiency for triggered test-beam particles is above 80% for the majority of particle type and beam momentum combinations. Specifically, simulated 1 GeV/ c charged pions and protons are correctly reconstructed and identified with efficiencies of 86.1 $$\pm 0.6$$ ± 0.6 % and 84.1 $$\pm 0.6$$ ± 0.6 %, respectively. The efficiencies measured for test-beam data are shown to be within 5% of those predicted by the simulation.more » « less
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Abud, A. Abed ; Abi, B. ; Acciarri, R. ; Acero, M. A. ; Adames, M. R. ; Adamov, G. ; Adamowski, M. ; Adams, D. ; Adinolfi, M. ; Aduszkiewicz, A. ; et al ( , The European Physical Journal C)Abstract DUNE is a dual-site experiment for long-baseline neutrino oscillation studies, neutrino astrophysics and nucleon decay searches. ProtoDUNE Dual Phase (DP) is a 6 $$\times $$ × 6 $$\times $$ × 6 m $$^3$$ 3 liquid argon time-projection-chamber (LArTPC) that recorded cosmic-muon data at the CERN Neutrino Platform in 2019–2020 as a prototype of the DUNE Far Detector. Charged particles propagating through the LArTPC produce ionization and scintillation light. The scintillation light signal in these detectors can provide the trigger for non-beam events. In addition, it adds precise timing capabilities and improves the calorimetry measurements. In ProtoDUNE-DP, scintillation and electroluminescence light produced by cosmic muons in the LArTPC is collected by photomultiplier tubes placed up to 7 m away from the ionizing track. In this paper, the ProtoDUNE-DP photon detection system performance is evaluated with a particular focus on the different wavelength shifters, such as PEN and TPB, and the use of Xe-doped LAr, considering its future use in giant LArTPCs. The scintillation light production and propagation processes are analyzed and a comparison of simulation to data is performed, improving understanding of the liquid argon properties.more » « less
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Manly, Steven ; Kordosky, Mike ; On behalf of the DUNE Collaboration, null ( , Instruments)The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is an international, world-class experiment aimed at exploring fundamental questions about the universe that are at the forefront of astrophysics and particle physics research. DUNE will study questions pertaining to the preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe, the dynamics of supernovae, the subtleties of neutrino interaction physics, and a number of beyond the Standard Model topics accessible in a powerful neutrino beam. A critical component of the DUNE physics program involves the study of changes in a powerful beam of neutrinos, i.e., neutrino oscillations, as the neutrinos propagate a long distance. The experiment consists of a near detector, sited close to the source of the beam, and a far detector, sited along the beam at a large distance. This document, the DUNE Near Detector Conceptual Design Report (CDR), describes the design of the DUNE near detector and the science program that drives the design and technology choices. The goals and requirements underlying the design, along with projected performance are given. It serves as a starting point for a more detailed design that will be described in future documents.more » « less
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Abi, B. ; Acciarri, R. ; Acero, M. A. ; Adamov, G. ; Adams, D. ; Adinolfi, M. ; Ahmad, Z. ; Ahmed, J. ; Alion, T. ; Monsalve, S. Alonso ; et al ( , The European Physical Journal C)null (Ed.)Abstract The sensitivity of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) to neutrino oscillation is determined, based on a full simulation, reconstruction, and event selection of the far detector and a full simulation and parameterized analysis of the near detector. Detailed uncertainties due to the flux prediction, neutrino interaction model, and detector effects are included. DUNE will resolve the neutrino mass ordering to a precision of 5 $$\sigma $$ σ , for all $$\delta _{\mathrm{CP}}$$ δ CP values, after 2 years of running with the nominal detector design and beam configuration. It has the potential to observe charge-parity violation in the neutrino sector to a precision of 3 $$\sigma $$ σ (5 $$\sigma $$ σ ) after an exposure of 5 (10) years, for 50% of all $$\delta _{\mathrm{CP}}$$ δ CP values. It will also make precise measurements of other parameters governing long-baseline neutrino oscillation, and after an exposure of 15 years will achieve a similar sensitivity to $$\sin ^{2} 2\theta _{13}$$ sin 2 2 θ 13 to current reactor experiments.more » « less
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Cite: MLA FormatAbed Abud, A., Abi, B., Acciarri, R., Acero, M.A., Adames, M.R., Adamov, G., Adams, D., Adinolfi, M., Aduszkiewicz, A., Aguilar, J., Ahmad, Z., Ahmed, J., Ali-Mohammadzadeh, B., Alion, T., Allison, K., Alonso Monsalve, S., Alrashed, M., Alt, C., Alton, A., Amedo, P., Anderson, J., Andreopoulos, C., Andreotti, M., Andrews, M.P., Andrianala, F., Andringa, S., Anfimov, N., Ankowski, A., Antoniassi, M., Antonova, M., Antoshkin, A., Antusch, S., Aranda-Fernandez, A., Ariga, A., Arnold, L.O., Arroyave, M.A., Asaadi, J., Asquith, L., Aurisano, A., Aushev, V., Autiero, D., Ayala-Torres, M., Azfar, F., Back, A., Back, H., Back, J.J., Backhouse, C., Baesso, P., Bagaturia, I., Bagby, L., Balashov, N., Balasubramanian, S., Baldi, P., Baller, B., Bambah, B., Barao, F., Barenboim, G., Barker, G.J., Barkhouse, W., Barnes, C., Barr, G., Barranco Monarca, J., Barros, A., Barros, N., Barrow, J.L., Basharina-Freshville, A., Bashyal, A., Basque, V., Belchior, E., Battat, J.B.R., Battisti, F., Bay, F., Bazo Alba, J.L., Beacom, J.F., Bechetoille, E., Behera, B., Bellantoni, L., Bellettini, G., Bellini, V., Beltramello, O., Belver, D., Benekos, N., Benitez Montiel, C., Bento Neves, F., Berger, J., Berkman, S., Bernardini, P., Berner, R.M., Berns, H., Bertolucci, S., Betancourt, M., Betancur Rodríguez, A., Bevan, A., Bezerra, T.J.C., Bhattacharjee, M., Bhuller, S., Bhuyan, B., Biagi, S., Bian, J., Biassoni, M., Biery, K., Bilki, B., Bishai, M., Bitadze, A., Blake, A., Blaszczyk, F.D.M., Blazey, G.C., Blucher, E., Boissevain, J., Bolognesi, S., Bolton, T., Bomben, L., Bonesini, M., Bongrand, M., Bonini, F., Booth, A., Booth, C., Boran, F., Bordoni, S., Borkum, A., Boschi, T., Bostan, N., Bour, P., Bourgeois, C., Boyd, S.B., Boyden, D., Bracinik, J., Braga, D., Brailsford, D., Branca, A., Brandt, A., Bremer, J., Brew, C., Brianne, E., Brice, S.J., Brizzolari, C., Bromberg, C., Brooijmans, G., Brooke, J., Bross, A., Brunetti, G., Brunetti, M., Buchanan, N., Budd, H., Butorov, I., Cagnoli, I., Caiulo, D., Calabrese, R., Calafiura, P., Calcutt, J., Calin, M., Calvez, S., Calvo, E., Caminata, A., Campanelli, M., Cankocak, K., Caratelli, D., Carini, G., Carlus, B., Carneiro, M.F., Carniti, P., Caro Terrazas, I., Carranza, H., Carroll, T., Casta, J.F., Castillo, A., Castromonte, C., Catano-Mur, E., Cattadori, C., Cavalier, F., Cavanna, F., Centro, S., Cerati, G., Cervelli, A., Cervera Villanueva, A., Chalifour, M., Chappell, A., Chardonnet, E., Charitonidis, N., Chatterjee, A., Chattopadhyay, S., Chen, H., Chen, K., Chen, M., Chen, Y., Chen, Z., Cheon, Y., Cherdack, D., Chi, C., Childress, S., Chiriacescu, A., Chisnall, G., Cho, K., Choate, S., Chokheli, D., Chong, P.S., Choubey, S., Christensen, A., Christian, D., Christodoulou, G., Chukanov, A., Chung, M., Church, E., Cicero, V., Clarke, P., Coan, T.E., Cocco, A.G., Coelho, J.A.B., Conley, E., Conley, R., Conrad, J.M., Convery, M., Copello, S., Corwin, L., Valentim, R., Cremaldi, L., Cremonesi, L., Crespo-Anadón, J.I., Crisler, M., Cristaldo, E., Cross, R., Cudd, A., Cuesta, C., Cui, Y., Cussans, D., Dabrowski, M., Dalager, O., da Motta, H., Da Silva Peres, L., David, C., David, Q., Davies, G.S., Davini, S., Dawson, J., De, K., De Almeida, R.M., Debbins, P., De Bonis, I., Decowski, M.P., de Gouvêa, A., De Holanda, P.C., De Icaza Astiz, I.L., Deisting, A., De Jong, P., Delbart, A., Delepine, D., Delgado, M., Dell'Acqua, A., De Lurgio, P., de Mello Neto, J.R.T., DeMuth, D.M., Dennis, S., Densham, C., Deptuch, G.W., De Roeck, A., De Romeri, V., De Souza, G., Devi, R., Dharmapalan, R., Dias, M., Diaz, F., Díaz, J.S., Di Domizio, S., Di Giulio, L., Ding, P., Di Noto, L., Distefano, C., Diurba, R., Diwan, M., Djurcic, Z., Doering, D., Dolan, S., Dolek, F., Dolinski, M.J., Domine, L., Douglas, D., Douillet, D., Drake, G., Drielsma, F., Duarte, L., Duchesneau, D., Duffy, K., Dunne, P., Durkin, T., Duyang, H., Dvornikov, O., Dwyer, D.A., Dyshkant, A.S., Eads, M., Earle, A., Edmunds, D., Eisch, J., Emberger, L., Emery, S., Ereditato, A., Erjavec, T., Escobar, C.O., Eurin, G., Evans, J.J., Ewart, E., Ezeribe, A.C., Fahey, K., Falcone, A., Fani', M., Farnese, C., Farzan, Y., Fedoseev, D., Felix, J., Feng, Y., Fernandez-Martinez, E., Fernandez Menendez, P., Fernandez Morales, M., Ferraro, F., Fields, L., Filip, P., Filthaut, F., Fiorentini, A., Fiorini, M., Fitzpatrick, R.S., Flanagan, W., Fleming, B., Flight, R., Forero, D.V., Fowler, J., Fox, W., Franc, J., Francis, K., Franco, D., Freeman, J., Freestone, J., Fried, J., Friedland, A., Fuentes Robayo, F., Fuess, S., Furic, I., Furmanski, A.P., Gabrielli, A., Gago, A., Gallagher, H., Gallas, A., Gallego-Ros, A., Gallice, N., Galymov, V., Gamberini, E., Gamble, T., Ganacim, F., Gandhi, R., Gandrajula, R., Gao, F., Gao, S., Garcia B., A.C., Garcia-Gamez, D., García-Peris, M.Á., Gardiner, S., Gastler, D., Gauvreau, J., Ge, G., Gelli, B., Gendotti, A., Gent, S., Ghorbani-Moghaddam, Z., Giammaria, P., Giammaria, T., Gibin, D., Gil-Botella, I., Gilligan, S., Girerd, C., Giri, A.K., Gnani, D., Gogota, O., Gold, M., Gollapinni, S., Gollwitzer, K., Gomes, R.A., Gomez Bermeo, L.V., Gomez Fajardo, L.S., Gonnella, F., Gonzalez-Cuevas, J.A., Gonzalez Diaz, D., Gonzalez-Lopez, M., Goodman, M.C., Goodwin, O., Goswami, S., Gotti, C., Goudzovski, E., Grace, C., Graham, M., Gran, R., Granados, E., Granger, P., Grant, A., Grant, C., Gratieri, D., Green, P., Greenler, L., Greer, J., Grenard, J., Griffith, W.C., Groh, M., Grudzinski, J., Grzelak, K., Gu, W., Guardincerri, E., Guarino, V., Guarise, M., Guenette, R., Guerard, E., Guerzoni, M., Guglielmi, A., Guo, B., Guthikonda, K.K., Gutierrez, R., Guzowski, P., Guzzo, M.M., Gwon, S., Ha, C., Habig, A., Hadavand, H., Haenni, R., Hahn, A., Haiston, J., Hamacher-Baumann, P., Hamernik, T., Hamilton, P., Han, J., Harris, D.A., Hartnell, J., Harton, J., Hasegawa, T., Hasnip, C., Hatcher, R., Hatfield, K.W., Hatzikoutelis, A., Hayes, C., Hayrapetyan, K., Hays, J., Hazen, E., He, M., Heavey, A., Heeger, K.M., Heise, J., Hennessy, K., Henry, S., Hernandez Morquecho, M.A., Herner, K., Hertel, L., Hewes, J., Higuera, A., Hill, T., Hillier, S.J., Himmel, A., Hirsch, L.R., Ho, J., Hoff, J., Holin, A., Hoppe, E., Horton-Smith, G.A., Hostert, M., Hourlier, A., Howard, B., Howell, R., Hristova, I., Hronek, M.S., Huang, J., Huang, J., Hugon, J., Iles, G., Ilic, N., Iliescu, A.M., Illingworth, R., Ingratta, G., Ioannisian, A., Isenhower, L., Itay, R., Izmaylov, A., Jackson, C.M., Jain, V., James, E., Jang, W., Jargowsky, B., Jediny, F., Jena, D., Jeong, Y.S., Jesús-Valls, C., Ji, X., Jiang, L., Jiménez, S., Jipa, A., Johnson, R., Johnston, N., Jones, B., Jones, S.B., Judah, M., Jung, C.K., Junk, T., Jwa, Y., Kabirnezhad, M., Kaboth, A., Kadenko, I., Kalra, D., Kakorin, I., Kalitkina, A., Kamiya, F., Kaneshige, N., Karagiorgi, G., Karaman, G., Karcher, A., Karolak, M., Karyotakis, Y., Kasai, S., Kasetti, S.P., Kashur, L., Kazaryan, N., Kearns, E., Keener, P., Kelly, K.J., Kemp, E., Kemularia, O., Ketchum, W., Kettell, S.H., Khabibullin, M., Khotjantsev, A., Khvedelidze, A., Kim, D., King, B., Kirby, B., Kirby, M., Klein, J., Koehler, K., Koerner, L.W., Kohn, S., Koller, P.P., Kolupaeva, L., Korablev, D., Kordosky, M., Kosc, T., Kose, U., Kostelecký, V.A., Kothekar, K., Krennrich, F., Kreslo, I., Kropp, W., Kudenko, Y., Kudryavtsev, V.A., Kulagin, S., Kumar, J., Kumar, P., Kunze, P., Kuruppu, C., Kus, V., Kutter, T., Kvasnicka, J., Kwak, D., Lambert, A., Land, B.J., Lande, K., Lane, C.E., Lang, K., Langford, T., Langstaff, M., Larkin, J., Lasorak, P., Last, D., Lastoria, C., Laundrie, A., Laurenti, G., Lawrence, A., Lazanu, I., LaZur, R., Lazzaroni, M., Le, T., Leardini, S., Learned, J., LeBrun, P., LeCompte, T., Lee, C., Lee, S.Y., Lehmann Miotto, G., Lehnert, R., Leigui de Oliveira, M.A., Leitner, M., Lepin, L.M., Li, L., Li, S.W., Li, T., Li, Y., Liao, H., Lin, C.S., Lin, Q., Lin, S., Ling, J., Lister, A., Littlejohn, B.R., Liu, J., Lockwitz, S., Loew, T., Lokajicek, M., Lomidze, I., Long, K., Loo, K., Lord, T., LoSecco, J.M., Louis, W.C., Lu, X.-G., Luk, K.B., Luo, X., Luppi, E., Lurkin, N., Lux, T., Luzio, V.P., MacFarlane, D., Machado, A.A., Machado, P., Macias, C.T., Macier, J.R., Maddalena, A., Madera, A., Madigan, P., Magill, S., Mahn, K., Maio, A., Major, A., Maloney, J.A., Mandrioli, G., Mandujano, R.C., Maneira, J., Manenti, L., Manly, S., Mann, A., Manolopoulos, K., Manrique Plata, M., Manyam, V.N., Manzanillas, L., Marchan, M., Marchionni, A., Marciano, W., Marfatia, D., Mariani, C., Maricic, J., Marie, R., Marinho, F., Marino, A.D., Marsden, D., Marshak, M., Marshall, C.M., Marshall, J., Marteau, J., Martin-Albo, J., Martinez, N., Martinez Caicedo, D.A., Martynenko, S., Mascagna, V., Mason, K., Mastbaum, A., Masud, M., Matichard, F., Matsuno, S., Matthews, J., Mauger, C., Mauri, N., Mavrokoridis, K., Mawby, I., Mazza, R., Mazzacane, A., Mazzucato, E., McAskill, T., McCluskey, E., McConkey, N., McFarland, K.S., McGrew, C., McNab, A., Mefodiev, A., Mehta, P., Melas, P., Mena, O., Menary, S., Mendez, H., Mendez, P., M, D.P., Menegolli, A., Meng, G., Messier, M.D., Metcalf, W., Mettler, T., Mewes, M., Meyer, H., Miao, T., Michna, G., Miedema, T., Mikola, V., Milincic, R., Miller, G., Miller, W., Mills, J., Milne, C., Mineev, O., Miranda, O.G., Miryala, S., Mishra, C.S., Mishra, S.R., Mislivec, A., Mladenov, D., Mocioiu, I., Moffat, K., Moggi, N., Mohanta, R., Mohayai, T.A., Mokhov, N., Molina, J., Molina Bueno, L., Montagna, E., Montanari, A., Montanari, C., Montanari, D., Montano Zetina, L.M., Moon, J., Moon, S.H., Mooney, M., Moor, A.F., Moreno, D., Morris, C., Mossey, C., Motuk, E., Moura, C.A., Mousseau, J., Mouster, G., Mu, W., Mualem, L., Mueller, J., Muether, M., Mufson, S., Muheim, F., Muir, A., Mulhearn, M., Munford, D., Muramatsu, H., Murphy, S., Musser, J., Nachtman, J., Nagu, S., Nalbandyan, M., Nandakumar, R., Naples, D., Narita, S., Nath, A., Navas-Nicolás, D., Navrer-Agasson, A., Nayak, N., Nebot-Guinot, M., Negishi, K., Nelson, J.K., Nesbit, J., Nessi, M., Newbold, D., Newcomer, M., Newhart, D., Newton, H., Nichol, R., Nicolas-Arnaldos, F., Niner, E., Nishimura, K., Norman, A., Norrick, A., Northrop, R., Novella, P., Nowak, J.A., Oberling, M., Ochoa-Ricoux, J.P., Olivares Del Campo, A., Olivier, A., Olshevskiy, A., Onel, Y., Onishchuk, Y., Ott, J., Pagani, L., Pakvasa, S., Palacio, G., Palamara, O., Palestini, S., Paley, J.M., Pallavicini, M., Palomares, C., Palomino-Gallo, J.L., Panduro Vazquez, W., Pantic, E., Paolone, V., Papadimitriou, V., Papaleo, R., Papanestis, A., Paramesvaran, S., Parke, S., Parozzi, E., Parsa, Z., Parvu, M., Pascoli, S., Pasqualini, L., Pasternak, J., Pater, J., Patrick, C., Patrizii, L., Patterson, R.B., Patton, S.J., Patzak, T., Paudel, A., Paulos, B., Paulucci, L., Pavlovic, Z., Pawloski, G., Payne, D., Pec, V., Peeters, S.J.M., Pennacchio, E., Penzo, A., Peres, O.L.G., Perry, J., Pershey, D., Pessina, G., Petrillo, G., Petta, C., 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Design, construction and operation of the ProtoDUNE-SP Liquid Argon TPC. Retrieved from https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10325339. Journal of Instrumentation 17.01 Web. doi:10.1088/1748-0221/17/01/P01005.
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Design, construction and operation of the ProtoDUNE-SP Liquid Argon TPC. Journal of Instrumentation, 17 (01). Retrieved from https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10325339. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/01/P01005
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"Design, construction and operation of the ProtoDUNE-SP Liquid Argon TPC". Journal of Instrumentation 17 (01). Country unknown/Code not available. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/01/P01005. https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10325339.
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place = {Country unknown/Code not available}, title = {Design, construction and operation of the ProtoDUNE-SP Liquid Argon TPC}, url = {https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10325339}, DOI = {10.1088/1748-0221/17/01/P01005}, abstractNote = {Abstract The ProtoDUNE-SP detector is a single-phase liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) that was constructed and operated in the CERN North Area at the end of the H4 beamline. This detector is a prototype for the first far detector module of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), which will be constructed at the Sandford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, South Dakota, U.S.A. The ProtoDUNE-SP detector incorporates full-size components as designed for DUNE and has an active volume of 7 × 6 × 7.2 m 3 . The H4 beam delivers incident particles with well-measured momenta and high-purity particle identification. ProtoDUNE-SP's successful operation between 2018 and 2020 demonstrates the effectiveness of the single-phase far detector design. This paper describes the design, construction, assembly and operation of the detector components.}, journal = {Journal of Instrumentation}, volume = {17}, number = {01}, author = {Abed Abud, A. and Abi, B. and Acciarri, R. and Acero, M.A. and Adames, M.R. and Adamov, G. and Adams, D. and Adinolfi, M. and Aduszkiewicz, A. and Aguilar, J. and Ahmad, Z. and Ahmed, J. and Ali-Mohammadzadeh, B. and Alion, T. and Allison, K. and Alonso Monsalve, S. and Alrashed, M. and Alt, C. and Alton, A. and Amedo, P. and Anderson, J. and Andreopoulos, C. and Andreotti, M. and Andrews, M.P. and Andrianala, F. and Andringa, S. and Anfimov, N. and Ankowski, A. and Antoniassi, M. and Antonova, M. and Antoshkin, A. and Antusch, S. and Aranda-Fernandez, A. and Ariga, A. and Arnold, L.O. and Arroyave, M.A. and Asaadi, J. and Asquith, L. and Aurisano, A. and Aushev, V. and Autiero, D. and Ayala-Torres, M. and Azfar, F. and Back, A. and Back, H. and Back, J.J. and Backhouse, C. and Baesso, P. and Bagaturia, I. and Bagby, L. and Balashov, N. and Balasubramanian, S. and Baldi, P. and Baller, B. and Bambah, B. and Barao, F. and Barenboim, G. and Barker, G.J. and Barkhouse, W. and Barnes, C. and Barr, G. and Barranco Monarca, J. and Barros, A. and Barros, N. and Barrow, J.L. and Basharina-Freshville, A. and Bashyal, A. and Basque, V. and Belchior, E. and Battat, J.B.R. and Battisti, F. and Bay, F. and Bazo Alba, J.L. and Beacom, J.F. and Bechetoille, E. and Behera, B. and Bellantoni, L. and Bellettini, G. and Bellini, V. and Beltramello, O. and Belver, D. and Benekos, N. and Benitez Montiel, C. and Bento Neves, F. and Berger, J. and Berkman, S. and Bernardini, P. and Berner, R.M. and Berns, H. and Bertolucci, S. and Betancourt, M. and Betancur Rodríguez, A. and Bevan, A. and Bezerra, T.J.C. and Bhattacharjee, M. and Bhuller, S. and Bhuyan, B. and Biagi, S. and Bian, J. and Biassoni, M. and Biery, K. and Bilki, B. and Bishai, M. and Bitadze, A. and Blake, A. and Blaszczyk, F.D.M. and Blazey, G.C. 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