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1. PMsec 2.0: A Security-By-Design Solution for Doctor’s Dilemma Problem in Smart Healthcare

   https://doi.org/10.1109/OCIT59427.2023.10430808  

   Bathalapalli, Venkata K.; Mohanty, Saraju P.; Kougianos, Elias; Iyer, Vasanth; Rout, Bibhudutta (December 2023, Proceedings of the OITS International Conference on Information Technology (OCIT))

   The rapid adoption of Internet-of-Medical-Things (IoMT) has revolutionized e-health systems, particularly in remote patient monitoring. With the growing adoption of Internet-of-Medical-Things (IoMT) in delivering technologically advanced health services, the security of Medtronic devices is pivotal as the security and privacy of data from these devices are directly related to patient safety. PUF has been the most widely adopted hardware security primitive which has been successfully integrated with various Internet-of-Things (IoT) based applications, particularly in smart healthcare for facilitating device security. To facilitate security and access control to IoMT devices, this work proposes a novel cybersecurity solution using PUF for facilitating global access to IoMT devices. The proposed framework presents an approach that enables the patient’s body area network devices supported by PUF to be securely accessible and controllable globally. The proposed cybersecurity solution has been experimentally validated using state-of-the-art SRAM PUF, a delay based PUF, and a trusted platform module (TPM) primitive. 

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2. Solar Cell Based Physically Unclonable Function for Cybersecurity in IoT Devices

   https://doi.org/10.1109/ISVLSI.2018.00131  

   Kumar, S. Dinesh; Labrado, Carson; Badhan, Riasad; Thapliyal, Himanshu; Singh, Vijay (July 2018, 2018 IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI (ISVLSI))

   Internet of Things (IoT) devices are mostly small and operate wirelessly on limited battery supply, and therefore have stringent constraints on power consumption and hardware resources. Therefore, energy-efficient (low energy) design is paramount for the successful deployment of resource constrained IoT devices. Further, Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) have evolved as a popular hardware security primitive for low cost, mass produced IoT devices with very constrained resources. Energy harvesting technologies utilizing solar cells are being used in ultra-low power IoT devices to satisfy the energy requirement. In this paper, we utilize the intrinsic variations in solar cells to design a novel solar cell based PUF. As a proof of concept, we have used the Tiva TM4C123GH6PM microcontroller to build our solar cell based PUF. From our experiments, we found that the proposed solar cell based PUF has the uniformity value of 49.21% which is close to the ideal value of 50%. Further, the proposed solar cell based PUF has worst case reliabilities of 92.97% and 90.62% with variations in temperature and light intensity, respectively. 

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3. iTPM: Exploring PUF-based Keyless TPM for Security-by-Design of Smart Electronics

   https://doi.org/10.1109/ISVLSI59464.2023.10238586  

   Bathalapalli, Venkata K.; Mohanty, Saraju P.; Kougianos, Elias; Iyer, Vasanth; Rout, Bibhudutta (June 2023, 2023 IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI (ISVLSI))

   Fernanda Kastensmidt Ricardo Reis Aida Todri-Sanial Hai (Ed.)

   The scope of Smart electronics and its increasing market worldwide has made cybersecurity an important challenge. The Security-by-Design (SbD) principle, an emerging cybersecurity area, focuses on building security/privacy-enabled primitives at the design stage of an electronic system. This paper proposes a novel Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) based Trusted Platform Module (TPM) for SbD primitive. The proposed SbD primitive works by performing secure verification of the PUF key using TPM’s Encryption and Decryption engine. The securely verified PUF Key is then bound to TPM using Platform Configuration Registers (PCR). PCRs in TPM facilitate a secure boot process and effective access control to TPM’s NonVolatile memory through an enhanced authorization policy. By binding PUF with PCR in TPM, a novel PUF-based access control policy can be defined, bringing in a new security ecosystem for the emerging Internet-of-Everything era. The proposed SbD approach has been experimentally validated by successfully integrating various PUF topologies with Hardware TPM. 

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4. Veda-PUF: A PUF based on Vedic Principles for Robust Lightweight Security for IoT

   https://doi.org/10.1109/iSES52644.2021.00097  

   Yanambaka, Venkata P.; Mohanty, Saraju P.; Kougianos, Elias; Baniya, Babu K.; Rout, Bibhudutta (December 2021, IEEE International Symposium on Smart Electronic Systems (iSES))

   Sahula, Vineet; Mohanty, Saraju (Ed.)

   This paper proposes a new controlled Physical Unclonable Function (PUF), Veda-PUF, which uses an algorithm for pre-processing and post-processing the input and output of PUF to increase the security of the keys generated in Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices. The key size of the PUF can be increased using the proposed protocol without compromising the integrity of the keys generated. The uniqueness of the generated keys was 50 % and the reliability of the keys generated is 99.9 % which are close to the ideal values. The proposed control algorithm also increases the uniqueness and reliability of the PUF keys after processing. This increases the number of PUF keys that can be used for various applications. 

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5. Reconfigurable Electromagnetically Unclonable Functions Based on Graphene Radio-Frequency Modulators

   https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5c13119  

   Ren, Yichong; Sun, Chia-Heng; De_Silva, Mohan; Pan, Hongyi; Nie, Xuecong; Hamdan, Emadeldeen; Zhou, Zhixian; Cetin, Ahmet Enis; Chen, Pai-Yen (January 2026, ACS Nano)

   Modern society, revolutionized by the Internet of Things (IoTs), is witnessing exponential growth in the number of connected devices and the volume of data being generated and shared, raising significant concerns about safeguarding classified information against various cyber threats. Here, we introduce a lightweight, robust hardware security primitive based on the electromagnetic physical unclonable function (PUF) for cryptographic identification and authentication of wireless devices. Unlike traditional digital-based PUFs, the proposed electromagnetic PUF keys are generated using graphene-based harmonic transponders, of which the inherent variations in electronic properties of ambipolar graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) result in highly stochastic, mixed modulations of radio frequency (RF) signals (i.e., unique electromagnetic fingerprints). Our experimental results demonstrate that this electromagnetic PUF exhibits excellent PUF performance metrics in terms of randomness, uniqueness, reliability, and resistance to machine learning-based modeling attacks. Moreover, the PUF keys can be reconfigured by altering the RF excitation frequency or through the electrostatic gating effect, further strengthening the security and resilience against modeling attacks. The proposed electromagnetic PUF may be well-suited for a variety of wireless authentication, encryption, and anticounterfeiting applications, and supports cryptographic key generation. 

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