Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry with collision‐induced dissociation (ESI‐MS/MS) was utilized to study the gas phase fragmentation of uranyl peroxide nanoclusters with hydroxo, peroxo, oxalate, and pyrophosphate bridging ligands. These nanoclusters fragment into uranium monomers and dimers with mass‐to‐charge (
Solution- and gas-phase behavior of decavanadate: implications for mass spectrometric analysis of redox-active polyoxidometalates
Decavanadate (V 10 O 28 6− or V10) is a paradigmatic member of the polyoxidometalate (POM) family, which has been attracting much attention within both materials/inorganic and biomedical communities due to its unique structural and electrochemical properties. In this work we explored the utility of high-resolution electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS) and ion exclusion chromatography LC/MS for structural analysis of V10 species in aqueous solutions. While ESI generates abundant molecular ions representing the intact V10 species, their isotopic distributions show significant deviations from the theoretical ones. A combination of high-resolution MS measurements and hydrogen/deuterium exchange allows these deviations to be investigated and interpreted as a result of partial reduction of V10. While the redox processes are known to occur in the ESI interface and influence the oxidation state of redox-active analytes, the LC/MS measurements using ion exclusion chromatography provide unequivocal evidence that the mixed-valence V10 species exist in solution, as extracted ion chromatograms representing V10 molecular ions at different oxidation states exhibit distinct elution profiles. The spontaneous reduction of V10 in solution is seen even in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and has not been previously observed. The susceptibility to reduction of V10 is likely to be shared by other redox active POMs. In addition to the molecular V10 ions, a high-abundance ionic signal for a V 10 O 26 2− anion was displayed in the negative-ion ESI mass spectra. None of the V 10 O 26 cations were detected in ESI MS, and only a low-abundance signal was observed for V 10 O 26 anions with a single negative charge, indicating that the presence of abundant V 10 O 26 2− anions in ESI MS reflects gas-phase instability of V 10 O 28 anions carrying two charges. The gas-phase origin of the V 10 O 26 2− anion was confirmed in tandem MS measurements, where mild collisional activation was applied to V10 molecular ions with an even number of hydrogen atoms (H 4 V 10 O 28 2− ), resulting in a facile loss of H 2 O molecules and giving rise to V 10 O 26 2− as the lowest-mass fragment ion. Water loss was also observed for V 10 O 28 anions carrying an odd number of hydrogen atoms ( e.g. , H 5 V 10 O 28 − ), followed by a less efficient and incomplete removal of an OH˙ radical, giving rise to both HV 10 O 26 − and V 10 O 25 − fragment ions. Importantly, at least one hydrogen atom was required for ion fragmentation in the gas phase, as no further dissociation was observed for any hydrogen-free V10 ionic species. The presented workflow allows a distinction to be readily made between the spectral features revealing the presence of non-canonical POM species in the bulk solution from those that arise due to physical and chemical processes occurring in the ESI interface and/or the gas phase.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1709552
- NSF-PAR ID:
- 10333339
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers
- Volume:
- 9
- Issue:
- 7
- ISSN:
- 2052-1553
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 1556 to 1564
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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Abstract m /z ) ratios in the 280–380 region. The gas phase fragmentation of each cluster studied yields a distinct UO6−anion attributed to the cleavage of a uranyl ion bound to 2 peroxide groups, along with other anions that can be attributed to the initial composition of the nanoclusters. -
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Rationale Coordinatively driven self‐assembly of transition metal ions and bidentate ligands gives rise to organometallic complexes that usually contain superimposed isobars, isomers, and conformers. In this study, the double dispersion ability of ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM‐MS) was used to provide a comprehensive structural characterization of the self‐assembled supramolecular complexes by their mass and charge, revealed by the MS event, and their shape and collision cross‐section (Ω), revealed by the IM event.
Methods Self‐assembled complexes were synthesized by reacting a bis(terpyridine) ligand exhibiting a 60odihedral angle between the two ligating terpyridine sites (
T ) with divalent Zn, Ni, Cd, or Fe. The products were isolated as (Metal2+[T ])n (PF6)2n salts and analyzed using IM‐MS after electrospray ionization (ESI) which produced several charge states from eachn ‐mer, depending on the number of PF6ˉ anions lost upon ESI. Experimental Ω data, derived using IM‐MS, and computational Ω predictions were used to elucidate the size and architecture of the complexes.Results Only macrocyclic dimers, trimers, and tetramers were observed with Cd2+, whereas Zn2+formed the same plus hexameric complexes. These two metals led to the simplest product distributions and no linear isomers. In sharp contrast, Ni2+and Fe2+formed all possible ring sizes from dimer to hexamer as well as various linear isomers. The experimental and theoretical Ω data indicated rather planar macrocyclic geometries for the dimers and trimers, twisted 3D architectures for the larger rings, and substantially larger sizes with spiral conformation for the linear congeners. Adding PF6ˉ to the same complex was found to mainly cause size contraction due to new stabilizing anion–cation interactions.
Conclusions Complete structural identification could be accomplished using ESI‐IM‐MS. Our results affirm that self‐assembly with Cd2+and Zn2+proceeds through reversible equilibria that generate the thermodynamically most stable structures, encompassing exclusively macrocyclic architectures that readily accommodate the 60oligand used. In contrast, complexation with Ni2+and Fe2+, which form stronger coordinative bonds, proceeds through kinetic control, leading to more complex mixtures and kinetically trapped less stable architectures, such as macrocyclic pentamers and linear isomers.
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null (Ed.)A rapid and sensitive method is described for measuring perchlorate (ClO 4 − ), chlorate (ClO 3 − ), chlorite (ClO 2 − ), bromate (BrO 3 − ), and iodate (IO 3 − ) ions in natural and treated waters using non-suppressed ion chromatography with electrospray ionization and tandem mass spectrometry (NS-IC-MS/MS). Major benefits of the NS-IC-MS/MS method include a short analysis time (12 minutes), low limits of quantification for BrO 3 − (0.10 μg L −1 ), ClO 4 − (0.06 μg L −1 ), ClO 3 − (0.80 μg L −1 ), and ClO 2 − (0.40 μg L −1 ), and compatibility with conventional LC-MS/MS instrumentation. Chromatographic separations were generally performed under isocratic conditions with a Thermo Scientific Dionex AS16 column, using a mobile phase of 20% 1 M aqueous methylamine and 80% acetonitrile. The isocratic method can also be optimized for IO 3 − analysis by including a gradient from the isocratic mobile phase to 100% 1 M aqueous methylamine. Four common anions (Cl − , Br − , SO 4 2− , and HCO 3 − /CO 3 2− ), a natural organic matter isolate (Suwannee River NOM), and several real water samples were tested to examine influences of natural water constituents on oxyhalide detection. Only ClO 2 − quantification was significantly affected – by elevated chloride concentrations (>2 mM) and NOM. The method was successfully applied to quantify oxyhalides in natural waters, chlorinated tap water, and waters subjected to advanced oxidation by sunlight-driven photolysis of free available chlorine (sunlight/FAC). Sunlight/FAC treatment of NOM-free waters containing 200 μg L −1 Br − resulted in formation of up to 263 ± 35 μg L −1 and 764 ± 54 μg L −1 ClO 3 − , and up to 20.1 ± 1.0 μg L −1 and 33.8 ± 1.0 μg L −1 BrO 3 − (at pH 6 and 8, respectively). NOM strongly inhibited ClO 3 − and BrO 3 − formation, likely by scavenging reactive oxygen or halogen species. As prior work shows that the greatest benefits in applying the sunlight/FAC process for purposes of improving disinfection of chlorine-resistant microorganisms are realized in waters with lower DOC levels and higher pH, it may therefore be desirable to limit potential applications to waters containing moderate DOC concentrations ( e.g. , ∼1–2 mg C L −1 ), low Br − concentrations ( e.g. , <50 μg L −1 ), and circumneutral to moderately alkaline pH ( e.g. , pH 7–8) to strike a balance between maximizing microbial inactivation while minimizing formation of oxyhalides and other disinfection byproducts.more » « less
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The growing use of fluorochemicals has elevated the need for non-targeted detection of unknown fluorinated compounds and transformation products. Elemental mass spectrometry coupled to chromatography offers a facile approach for such analyses by using fluorine as an elemental tag. However, efficient ionization of fluorine has been an ongoing challenge. Here, we demonstrate a novel atmospheric-pressure elemental ionization method where fluorinated compounds separated by GC are converted to Na2F+ for non-targeted detection. The compounds are first introduced into a helium dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) for breakdown. The plasma products are subsequently ionized by interaction with a nano-ESI plume of sodium-containing aqueous electrolytes. Our studies point to HF as the main plasma product contributing to Na2F+ formation. Moreover, the results reveal that Na2F+ is largely formed by the ion-neutral reaction between HF and Na2A(NaA)n+, gas-phase reagent ions produced by nano-ESI where A represents the anion of the electrolyte. Near-uniform fluorine response factors are obtained for a wide range of compounds, highlighting good efficiency of HF formation by DBD regardless of chemical structure of the compounds. Detection limits of 3.5 to 19.4 pg fluorine on-column are obtained using the reported GC-DBD-nano-ESI-MS. As an example of non-targeted screening, extractions from oil-and-water-repellent fabrics are analyzed via monitoring Na2F+, resulting in detection of a fluorinated compound on a clothing item. Notably, facile switching of the ion source to atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization with the exact same chromatographic method allows identification of the detected compound at the flagged retention time.more » « less
- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.1039/d1qi01618k
