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1. Asymptotic analysis for sound-hard acoustic scattering by two closely-situated spheres

   Camille Carvalho, Arnold Kim (January 2022, WAVES 2022)

   We consider acoustic binding of particles resulting from radiation forces created through multiple scattering. This problem has potential for developing methods for assembling novel meta-materials. A key consideration in acoustic binding is when two or more particles are closely situated to one another and form a cluster. For that case, the near-field scattering by the particles becomes important. Here, we study multiple scattering by two closely-situated sound-hard spheres. Using boundary integral equation (BIE) methods, we find that a close evaluation problem arises leading to a nearly singular system of BIEs governing the surface fields. An asymptotic analysis of the problem reveals that this nearly singular behavior will lead to large error in the numerical solution unless it is explicitly addressed. 

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2. Boundary Integral Equation Methods for Optical Cloaking Models

   Camille Carvalho, Elsie A. (January 2022, WAVES 2022)

   Optical cloaking refers to making an object invisible by preventing the light scattering in some directions as it hits the object. There is interest in cloaking devices in radar and other applications. Developing a model to accurately capture cloaking comes with numerical challenges, however. We must determine how light propagates through a medium composed by multiple, thin layers of materials with different electromagnetic properties. In this paper we consider a multi-layered scalar transmission problem in 2D and use boundary integral equation methods to compute the field. The Kress product quadrature rule is used to approximate singular integrals evaluated on boundaries, the Boundary Regularized Integral Equation Formulation (BRIEF) method [1] with Periodic Trapezoid Rule (PTR) is employed to treat nearly singular ones (off boundaries) appearing in the representation formula. Numerical results illustrate the efficiency of this approach, which may be applied to N arbitrary smooth layers. 

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3. Direct/Iterative Hybrid Solver for Scattering by Inhomogeneous Media

   https://doi.org/10.1137/22M1521547  

   Bruno, Oscar P; Pandey, Ambuj (April 2024, SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing)

   Bruno, Oscar; Pandey, Ambuj (Ed.)

   This paper presents a fast high-order method for the solution of two-dimensional problems of scattering by penetrable inhomogeneous media, with application to high-frequency configurations containing (possibly) discontinuous refractivities. The method relies on a hybrid direct/iterative combination of 1)~A differential volumetric formulation (which is based on the use of appropriate Chebyshev differentiation matrices enacting the Laplace operator) and, 2)~A second-kind boundary integral formulation (which, once again, utilizes Chebyshev discretization, but, in this case, in the boundary-integral context). The approach enjoys low dispersion and high-order accuracy for smooth refractivities, as well as second-order accuracy (while maintaining low dispersion) in the discontinuous refractivity case. The solution approach proceeds by application of Impedance-to-Impedance (ItI) maps to couple the volumetric and boundary discretizations. The volumetric linear algebra solutions are obtained by means of a multifrontal solver, and the coupling with the boundary integral formulation is achieved via an application of the iterative linear-algebra solver GMRES. In particular, the existence and uniqueness theory presented in the present paper provides an affirmative answer to an open question concerning the existence of a uniquely solvable second-kind ItI-based formulation for the overall scattering problem under consideration. Relying on a modestly-demanding scatterer-dependent precomputation stage (requiring in practice a computing cost of the order of $$O(N^{\alpha})$$ operations, with $$\alpha \approx 1.07$$, for an $$N$$-point discretization \textcolor{black}{and for the relevant Chebyshev accuracy orders $$q$$ used)}, together with fast ($O(N)$-cost) single-core runs for each incident field considered, the proposed algorithm can effectively solve scattering problems for large and complex objects possibly containing discontinuities and strong refractivity contrasts. 

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4. Asymptotic behavior of the reflectance of a narrow beam by a plane-parallel slab

   https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.544227  

   Ilan, Boaz; Kim, Arnold_D (November 2024, Journal of the Optical Society of America A)

   We consider the radiative transfer of a finite width collimated beam incident normally on a plane-parallel slab composed of a uniform absorbing and scattering medium. This problem is fundamental for modeling and interpreting non-invasive measurements of light backscattered by a multiple scattering medium. Assuming that the beam width is the smallest length scale in the problem, we introduce a perturbation method to determine the asymptotic expansion for the solution of this problem. Using this asymptotic expansion, we determine the leading asymptotic behavior of the reflectance. This result includes the influence integral, which gives the influence of the phase function on the leading asymptotic behavior of the reflectance. We validate this asymptotic theory using a novel implementation of the Monte Carlo method that is fully vectorized to run efficiently in MATLAB. We evaluate the usefulness of this asymptotic behavior for different phase functions and show that it provides valuable insight into the influence of the phase function on spatially resolved non-invasive measurements of light backscattered by a multiple scattering medium. 

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5. Unsteady aerodynamics of porous aerofoils

   https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2020.1031  

   Baddoo, Peter J.; Hajian, Rozhin; Jaworski, Justin W. (April 2021, Journal of Fluid Mechanics)

   null (Ed.)

   We extend unsteady thin aerofoil theory to aerofoils with generalised chordwise porosity distributions by embedding the material characteristics of the porous medium into the linearised boundary condition. Application of the Plemelj formulae to the resulting boundary value problem yields a singular Fredholm–Volterra integral equation which does not admit an analytical solution. We develop a numerical solution scheme by expanding the bound vorticity distribution in terms of appropriate basis functions. Asymptotic analysis at the leading and trailing edges reveals that the appropriate basis functions are weighted Jacobi polynomials whose parameters are related to the porosity distribution. The Jacobi polynomial basis enables the construction of a numerical scheme that is accurate and rapid, in contrast to the standard choice of Chebyshev basis functions that are shown to be unsuitable for porous aerofoils. Applications of the numerical solution scheme to discontinuous porosity profiles, quasi-static problems and the separation of circulatory and non-circulatory contributions are presented. Further asymptotic analysis of the singular Fredholm–Volterra integral equation corroborates the numerical scheme and elucidates the behaviour of the unsteady solution for small or large reduced frequency in the form of scaling laws. At low frequencies, the porous resistance dominates, whereas at high frequencies, an asymptotic inner region develops near the trailing edge and the effective mass of the porous medium dominates. Analogues to the classical Theodorsen and Sears functions are computed numerically, and Fourier transform inversion of these frequency-domain functions produces porous extensions to the Wagner and Küssner functions for transient aerofoil motions or gust encounters, respectively. Results from the present analysis and its underpinning numerical framework aim to enable the unsteady aerodynamic assessment of design strategies using porosity, with implications for unsteady gust rejection, noise-reducing aerofoil design and biologically inspired flight. 

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