More Like this

1. Venomous Snakes Reveal Ecological and Phylogenetic Factors Influencing Variation in Gut and Oral Microbiomes

   https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.657754  

   Smith, Sierra N.; Colston, Timothy J.; Siler, Cameron D. (March 2021, Frontiers in Microbiology)

   null (Ed.)

   The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of vertebrates contains a series of organs beginning with the mouth and ending with the anus or cloacal opening. Each organ represents a unique environment for resident microorganisms. Due to their simple digestive anatomy, snakes are good models for studying microbiome variation along the GIT. Cloacal sampling captures the majority of the microbial diversity found in the GIT of snakes—yet little is known about the oral microbiota of snakes. Most research on the snake mouth and gut microbiota are limited to studies of a single species or captive-bred individuals. It therefore remains unclear how a host’s life history, diet, or evolutionary history correlate with differences in the microbial composition within the mouths and guts of wild snakes. We sampled the mouth and gut microbial communities from three species of Asian venomous snakes and utilized 16S rRNA microbial inventories to test if host phylogenetic and ecological differences correlate with distinct microbial compositions within the two body sites. These species occupy three disparate habitat types: marine, semi-arboreal, and arboreal, our results suggest that the diversity of snake mouth and gut microbial communities correlate with differences in both host ecology and phylogeny. 

   more » « less
2. Identification of the Bacterial Biosynthetic Gene Clusters of the Oral Microbiome Illuminates the Unexplored Social Language of Bacteria during Health and Disease

   https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00321-19  

   Aleti, Gajender; Baker, Jonathon L.; Tang, Xiaoyu; Alvarez, Ruth; Dinis, Márcia; Tran, Nini C.; Melnik, Alexey V.; Zhong, Cuncong; Ernst, Madeleine; Dorrestein, Pieter C.; et al (April 2019, mBio)

   ABSTRACT Small molecules are the primary communication media of the microbial world. Recent bioinformatic studies, exploring the biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) which produce many small molecules, have highlighted the incredible biochemical potential of the signaling molecules encoded by the human microbiome. Thus far, most research efforts have focused on understanding the social language of the gut microbiome, leaving crucial signaling molecules produced by oral bacteria and their connection to health versus disease in need of investigation. In this study, a total of 4,915 BGCs were identified across 461 genomes representing a broad taxonomic diversity of oral bacteria. Sequence similarity networking provided a putative product class for more than 100 unclassified novel BGCs. The newly identified BGCs were cross-referenced against 254 metagenomes and metatranscriptomes derived from individuals either with good oral health or with dental caries or periodontitis. This analysis revealed 2,473 BGCs, which were differentially represented across the oral microbiomes associated with health versus disease. Coabundance network analysis identified numerous inverse correlations between BGCs and specific oral taxa. These correlations were present in healthy individuals but greatly reduced in individuals with dental caries, which may suggest a defect in colonization resistance. Finally, corroborating mass spectrometry identified several compounds with homology to products of the predicted BGC classes. Together, these findings greatly expand the number of known biosynthetic pathways present in the oral microbiome and provide an atlas for experimental characterization of these abundant, yet poorly understood, molecules and socio-chemical relationships, which impact the development of caries and periodontitis, two of the world’s most common chronic diseases. IMPORTANCE The healthy oral microbiome is symbiotic with the human host, importantly providing colonization resistance against potential pathogens. Dental caries and periodontitis are two of the world’s most common and costly chronic infectious diseases and are caused by a localized dysbiosis of the oral microbiome. Bacterially produced small molecules, often encoded by BGCs, are the primary communication media of bacterial communities and play a crucial, yet largely unknown, role in the transition from health to dysbiosis. This study provides a comprehensive mapping of the BGC repertoire of the human oral microbiome and identifies major differences in health compared to disease. Furthermore, BGC representation and expression is linked to the abundance of particular oral bacterial taxa in health versus dental caries and periodontitis. Overall, this study provides a significant insight into the chemical communication network of the healthy oral microbiome and how it devolves in the case of two prominent diseases. 

   more » « less
3. Microbial dysbiosis reflects disease resistance in diverse coral species

   https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-02163-5  

   MacKnight, Nicholas J.; Cobleigh, Kathryn; Lasseigne, Danielle; Chaves-Fonnegra, Andia; Gutting, Alexandra; Dimos, Bradford; Antoine, Jendahye; Fuess, Lauren; Ricci, Contessa; Butler, Caleb; et al (June 2021, Communications Biology)

   Abstract Disease outbreaks have caused significant declines of keystone coral species. While forecasting disease outbreaks based on environmental factors has progressed, we still lack a comparative understanding of susceptibility among coral species that would help predict disease impacts on coral communities. The present study compared the phenotypic and microbial responses of seven Caribbean coral species with diverse life-history strategies after exposure to white plague disease. Disease incidence and lesion progression rates were evaluated over a seven-day exposure. Coral microbiomes were sampled after lesion appearance or at the end of the experiment if no disease signs appeared. A spectrum of disease susceptibility was observed among the coral species that corresponded to microbial dysbiosis. This dysbiosis promotes greater disease susceptiblity in coral perhaps through different tolerant thresholds for change in the microbiome. The different disease susceptibility can affect coral’s ecological function and ultimately shape reef ecosystems. 

   more » « less
4. Profiling the human intestinal environment under physiological conditions

   https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-05989-7  

   Shalon, Dari; Culver, Rebecca Neal; Grembi, Jessica A.; Folz, Jacob; Treit, Peter V.; Shi, Handuo; Rosenberger, Florian A.; Dethlefsen, Les; Meng, Xiandong; Yaffe, Eitan; et al (May 2023, Nature)

   Abstract The spatiotemporal structure of the human microbiome^1,2, proteome³and metabolome^4,5reflects and determines regional intestinal physiology and may have implications for disease⁶. Yet, little is known about the distribution of microorganisms, their environment and their biochemical activity in the gut because of reliance on stool samples and limited access to only some regions of the gut using endoscopy in fasting or sedated individuals⁷. To address these deficiencies, we developed an ingestible device that collects samples from multiple regions of the human intestinal tract during normal digestion. Collection of 240 intestinal samples from 15 healthy individuals using the device and subsequent multi-omics analyses identified significant differences between bacteria, phages, host proteins and metabolites in the intestines versus stool. Certain microbial taxa were differentially enriched and prophage induction was more prevalent in the intestines than in stool. The host proteome and bile acid profiles varied along the intestines and were highly distinct from those of stool. Correlations between gradients in bile acid concentrations and microbial abundance predicted species that altered the bile acid pool through deconjugation. Furthermore, microbially conjugated bile acid concentrations exhibited amino acid-dependent trends that were not apparent in stool. Overall, non-invasive, longitudinal profiling of microorganisms, proteins and bile acids along the intestinal tract under physiological conditions can help elucidate the roles of the gut microbiome and metabolome in human physiology and disease. 

   more » « less
5. Metagenomics and the development of viral water quality tools

   https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-019-0032-3  

   Bibby, Kyle; Crank, Katherine; Greaves, Justin; Li, Xiang; Wu, Zhenyu; Hamza, Ibrahim A.; Stachler, Elyse (March 2019, npj Clean Water)

   Abstract Human exposure to pathogenic viruses in environmental waters results in a significant global disease burden. Current microbial water quality monitoring approaches, mainly based on fecal indicator bacteria, insufficiently capture human health impacts posed by pathogenic viruses in water. The emergence of the ‘microbiome era’ and high-throughput metagenome sequencing has led to the discovery of novel human-associated viruses, including both pathogenic and commensal viruses in the human microbiome. The discovery of novel human-associated viruses is often followed by their detection in wastewater, highlighting the great diversity of human-associated viruses potentially present in the water environment. Novel human-associated viruses provide a rich reservoir to develop viral water quality management tools with diverse applications, such as regulating wastewater reuse and monitoring agricultural and recreational waters. Here, we review the pathway from viral discovery to water quality monitoring tool, and highlight select human-associated viruses identified by metagenomics and subsequently detected in the water environment (namely Bocavirus, Cosavirus, CrAssphage, Klassevirus, and Pepper Mild Mottle Virus). We also discuss research needs to enable the application of recently discovered human-associated viruses in water quality monitoring, including investigating the geographic distribution, environmental fate, and viability of potential indicator viruses. Examples suggest that recently discovered human pathogens are likely to be less abundant in sewage, while other human-associated viruses (e.g., bacteriophages or viruses from food) are more abundant but less human-specific. The improved resolution of human-associated viral diversity enabled by metagenomic tools provides a significant opportunity for improved viral water quality management tools. 

   more » « less