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This paper provides a catalogue of the type specimens of lice (Insecta: Psocodea: Phthiraptera) held in the collection of the Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH), Chicago, Illinois, USA. There are 178 nominal species, four of which are represented by holotype only; 14 by holotype, allotype and paratypes; 29 by holotype and paratypes; 127 by paratypes only; three by neoparatypes, and one by paralectotype. The main goal of this type catalog is to make the louse type specimens and their metadata more readily available to biodiversity researchers.more » « less
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Reflectance spectra provide integrative measures of plant phenotypes by capturing chemical, morphological, anatomical and architectural trait information. Here, we investigate the linkages between plant spectral variation, and spectral and resource-use complementarity that contribute to ecosystem productivity. In both a forest and prairie grassland diversity experiment, we delineated n -dimensional hypervolumes using wavelength bands of reflectance spectra to test the association between the spectral space occupied by individual plants and their growth, as well as between the spectral space occupied by plant communities and ecosystem productivity. We show that the spectral space occupied by individuals increased with their growth, and the spectral space occupied by plant communities increased with ecosystem productivity. Furthermore, ecosystem productivity was better explained by inter-individual spectral complementarity than by the large spectral space occupied by productive individuals. Our results indicate that spectral hypervolumes of plants can reflect ecological strategies that shape community composition and ecosystem function, and that spectral complementarity can reveal resource-use complementarity.more » « less
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Abstract A photocrosslinkable poly(
,N ′‐diethylacrylamide) copolymer allows for the photolithographic fabrication of hydrogel sheets with nonuniform crosslinking density and swelling ratio. Using this material system, different 3D shapes with nonzero Gaussian curvatureN are successfully programmed by prescribing a “metric” defined by in‐plane variations in swelling. However, this methodology does not control the direction of buckling adopted by each positive K feature, and therefore cannot controllably select between different isometric shapes defined by a single metric. Here, by introducing gradients in swelling through the thickness of the gel sheet by tuning the absorption of the UV‐light used for crosslinking, a preferential buckling direction is locally specified for each feature by the direction of UV exposure. By also controlling the strength of coupling between neighboring features, this is shown to be an effective method to program buckling direction of each unit within a canonical corrugated surface shape.K -
Metal complexes stabilized by appropriate ligands, particularly CuI/L systems, have proven powerful for the controlled polymerization of acrylates and other monomers by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The polymerization of acrylates by CuI/L systems, however, is haunted by interference of catalyzed radical termination (CRT), which reduces the chain-end fidelity. Other monomers do not appear to be affected by this phenomenon to any significant extent. The phenomenon appears to involve the formation of an organometallic intermediate by reversible radical trapping, as in organometallic mediated radical polymerization (OMRP). We summarize here the current knowledge and the efforts made to elucidate the CRT pathway and products.more » « less