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Current commercial batteries are mainly metal based, with metal elements in charge carriers and/or electrode materials, which poses potential economic and environmental concerns due to the heavy use of nonrenewable metals. Thus, metal-free batteries present a unique opportunity as sustainable energy storage devices, though the relevant research is still in its infancy. Herein, we present an all-organic metal-free NH 4 + ion full battery that can operate at a low temperature of 0 °C, by using polypyrrole (PPy) as the cathode, polyaniline (PANI) as the anode, and 19 m ammonium acetate aqueous solution as electrolyte. For the first time, PPy is demonstrated as a high-capacity host material for both NH 4 + and K + storage, when cycled in water in salt electrolytes (WiSEs). When tested in a three-electrode cell containing 25 m NH 4 CH 3 COO electrolyte, PPy exhibits an impressive capacity of 125 mA h g −1 at a specific current of 1 A g −1 and retains 43.61 mA h g −1 at 25 A g −1 . Additionally, a full battery is assembled using the PPy cathode and PANI anode coupled with 19 m NH 4 CH 3 COO WiSE. This battery is found to deliver a capacity of 78.405 mA h g −1 at 25 °C and 49.083 mA h g −1 at 0 °C with a capacity retention of 71.83% after 200 cycles, demonstrating its potential for operations at low temperatures. Additionally, the physiochemical properties of NH 4 + -based WiSEs are examined by Raman and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies, to explore their electrochemical behaviors and the fundamental effect of salt concentration on the electrolyte characteristics. This study presents the first non-metal battery with potential for low-temperature applications and opens the door to future metal-free electronics that would generate long-term benefits to the environment.
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A Fast‐Charging and High‐Temperature All‐Organic Rechargeable Potassium Battery
Abstract Developing fast‐charging, high‐temperature, and sustainable batteries is critical for the large‐scale deployment of energy storage devices in electric vehicles, grid‐scale electrical energy storage, and high temperature regions. Here, a transition metal‐free all‐organic rechargeable potassium battery (RPB) based on abundant and sustainable organic electrode materials (OEMs) and potassium resources for fast‐charging and high‐temperature applications is demonstrated. N‐doped graphene and a 2.8 m potassium hexafluorophosphate (KPF6) in diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DEGDME) electrolyte are employed to mitigate the dissolution of OEMs, enhance the electrode conductivity, accommodate large volume change, and form stable solid electrolyte interphase in the all‐organic RPB. At room temperature, the RPB delivers a high specific capacity of 188.1 mAh g−1at 50 mA g−1and superior cycle life of 6000 and 50000 cycles at 1 and 5 A g−1, respectively, demonstrating an ultra‐stable and fast‐charging all‐organic battery. The impressive performance at room temperature is extended to high temperatures, where the high‐mass‐loading (6.5 mg cm−2) all‐organic RPB exhibits high‐rate capability up to 2 A g−1and a long lifetime of 500 cycles at 70–100 °C, demonstrating a superb fast‐charging and high‐temperature battery. The cell configuration demonstrated in this work shows great promise for practical applications of sustainable batteries at extreme conditions.
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- Award ID(s):
- 2142003
- PAR ID:
- 10378105
- Publisher / Repository:
- Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Advanced Science
- Volume:
- 9
- Issue:
- 34
- ISSN:
- 2198-3844
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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