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Abstract Bioprinting is an additive manufacturing technique that combines living cells, biomaterials, and biological molecules to develop biologically functional constructs. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is commonly used as anin vitromodeling system and is a more accurate representation ofin vivoconditions in comparison to two-dimensional cell culture. Although 3D bioprinting has been utilized in various tissue engineering and clinical applications, it only takes into consideration the initial state of the printed scaffold or object. Four-dimensional (4D) bioprinting has emerged in recent years to incorporate the additional dimension of time within the printed 3D scaffolds. During the 4D bioprinting process, an external stimulus is exposed to the printed construct, which ultimately changes its shape or functionality. By studying how the structures and the embedded cells respond to various stimuli, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of the functionality of native tissues. This review paper will focus on the biomaterial breakthroughs in the newly advancing field of 4D bioprinting and their applications in tissue engineering and regeneration. In addition, the use of smart biomaterials and 4D printing mechanisms for tissue engineering applications is discussed to demonstrate potential insights for novel 4D bioprinting applications. To address the current challenges with this technology, we will conclude with future perspectives involving the incorporation of biological scaffolds and self-assembling nanomaterials in bioprinted tissue constructs.
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Latest Advances in 3D Bioprinting of Cardiac Tissues
Abstract Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are known as the major cause of death worldwide. In spite of tremendous advancements in medical therapy, the gold standard for CVD treatment is still transplantation. Tissue engineering, on the other hand, has emerged as a pioneering field of study with promising results in tissue regeneration using cells, biological cues, and scaffolds. 3D bioprinting is a rapidly growing technique in tissue engineering because of its ability to create complex scaffold structures, encapsulate cells, and perform these tasks with precision. More recently, 3D bioprinting has made its debut in cardiac tissue engineering, and scientists are investigating this technique for development of new strategies for cardiac tissue regeneration. In this review, the fundamentals of cardiac tissue biology, available 3D bioprinting techniques and bioinks, and cells implemented for cardiac regeneration are briefly summarized and presented. Afterward, the pioneering and state‐of‐the‐art works that have utilized 3D bioprinting for cardiac tissue engineering are thoroughly reviewed. Finally, regulatory pathways and their contemporary limitations and challenges for clinical translation are discussed.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1847843
- PAR ID:
- 10379859
- Publisher / Repository:
- Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Advanced Materials Technologies
- Volume:
- 7
- Issue:
- 11
- ISSN:
- 2365-709X
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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