An official website of the United States government
Abstract We present extensive ultraviolet, optical, and near-infrared (NIR) photometric and spectroscopic observations of the nearby hydrogen-poor superluminous supernova (SLSN-I) SN 2024rmj atz= 0.1189. SN 2024rmj reached a peak absolute magnitude ofMg ≈ −21.9, placing it at the luminous end of the SLSN-I distribution. The light curve exhibits a pronounced prepeak bump (≈60 days before the main peak) and a postpeak bump (≈55 days after the main peak). The bulk of the light curve is otherwise well fit by a magnetar spin-down model, with typical values (spin: ≈2.1 ms; magnetic field: ≈6 × 1013G; ejecta mass: ≈12M⊙). The optical spectra exhibit characteristic SLSN-I features and evolution, but with a relatively high velocity of ≈8000 km s−1postpeak. Most significantly, we find a clear detection of helium in the NIR spectra at Heiλ1.083μm andλ2.058μm, blueshifted by ≈15,000 km s−1(13 days before peak) and ≈13,000 km s−1(40 days after peak), indicating that helium is confined to the outermost ejecta; based on these NIR detections, we also identify likely contribution from Heiλ5876 in the optical spectra on a similar range of timescales. This represents the most definitive detection of helium in a bright SLSN-I to date, and indicates that progenitors with a thin helium layer can still explode as SLSNe.
more »
« less
Measuring He i Stark Line Shapes in the Laboratory to Examine Differences in Photometric and Spectroscopic DB White Dwarf Masses
Abstract Accurate helium White Dwarf (DB) masses are critical for understanding the star’s evolution. DB masses derived from the spectroscopic and photometric methods are inconsistent. Photometric masses agree better with currently accepted DB evolutionary theories and are mostly consistent across a large range of surface temperatures. Spectroscopic masses rely on untested HeiStark line-shape and Van der Waals broadening predictions, show unexpected surface temperature trends, and are thus viewed as less reliable. To test this conclusion, we present in this paper detailed HeiStark line-shape measurements at conditions relevant to DB atmospheres (Telectron≈12,000–17,000 K,nelectron≈ 1017cm−3). We use X-rays from Sandia National Laboratories’Z-machine to create a uniform ≈120 mm long hydrogen–helium mixture plasma. Van der Waals broadening is negligible at our experimental conditions, allowing us to measure HeiStark profiles only. Hβ, which has been well-studied in our platform and elsewhere, serves as thenediagnostic. We find that HeiStark broadening models used in DB analyses are accurate within errors at tested conditions. It therefore seems unlikely that line-shape models are solely responsible for the observed spectroscopic mass trends. Our results should motivate the WD community to further scrutinize the validity of other spectroscopic and photometric input parameters, like atmospheric structure assumptions and convection corrections. These parameters can significantly change the derived DB mass. Identifying potential weaknesses in any input parameters could further our understanding of DBs, help elucidate their evolutionary origins, and strengthen confidence in both spectroscopic and photometric masses.
more »
« less
- Award ID(s):
- 1707419
- PAR ID:
- 10385666
- Publisher / Repository:
- DOI PREFIX: 10.3847
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Volume:
- 940
- Issue:
- 2
- ISSN:
- 0004-637X
- Format(s):
- Medium: X Size: Article No. 181
- Size(s):
- Article No. 181
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
More Like this
-
-
Abstract Stripped-envelope supernovae (SESNe) represent a significant fraction of core-collapse supernovae, arising from massive stars that have shed their hydrogen and, in some cases, helium envelopes. The origins and explosion mechanisms of SESNe remain a topic of active investigation. In this work, we employ radiative-transfer simulations to model the light curves and spectra of a set of explosions of single, solar-metallicity, massive Wolf–Rayet stars with ejecta masses ranging from 4 to 11M⊙, which were computed from a turbulence-aided and neutrino-driven explosion mechanism. We analyze these synthetic observables to explore the impact of varying ejecta mass and helium content on observable features. We find that the light curve shape of these progenitors with high ejecta masses is consistent with observed SESNe with broad light curves but not the peak luminosities. The commonly used analytic formula based on rising bolometric light curves overestimates the ejecta mass of these high-initial-mass progenitor explosions by a factor of up to 2.6. In contrast, the calibrated method by Haynie et al., which relies on late-time decay tails, reduces uncertainties to an average of 20% within the calibrated ejecta mass range. Spectroscopically, the He i1.083μm line remains prominent even in models with as little as 0.02M⊙of helium. However, the strength of the optical He ilines is not directly proportional to the helium mass but instead depends on a complex interplay of factors such as the56Ni distribution, composition, and radiation field. Thus, producing realistic helium features requires detailed radiative transfer simulations for each new hydrodynamic model.more » « less
-
Abstract We present early multiwavelength photometric and spectroscopic observations of the Type IIb supernova SN 2024uwq, capturing its shock-cooling emission phase and double-peaked light-curve evolution. Early spectra reveal broad Hα(v ∼ 15,500 km s−1) and HeIP Cygni profiles of similar strengths. Over time the HeIlines increase in strength while the Hαdecreases, consistent with a hydrogen envelope (Menv = 0.7–1.35M⊙) overlying helium-rich ejecta. Analytic modeling of early shock cooling emission and bolometric light analysis constrains the progenitor to a partially stripped star with radiusR = 10–60R⊙, consistent with a blue/yellow supergiant with an initial zero-age main-sequence mass of 12–20M⊙likely stripped via binary interaction. SN 2024uwq occupies a transitional position between compact and extended Type IIb supernovae, highlighting the role of binary mass transfer efficiency in shaping a continuum of stripped-envelope progenitors. Our results underscore the importance of early UV/optical observations to characterize shock breakout signatures critical to map the diversity in evolutionary pathways of massive stars. Upcoming time-domain surveys, including Rubin Observatory’s LSST and UV missions like ULTRASAT and UVEX, will revolutionize our ability to systematically capture these early signatures, probing the full diversity of stripped progenitors and their explosive endpoints.more » « less
-
Abstract We present a detailed study of SN 2024ahr, a hydrogen-poor superluminous supernova (SLSN-I), for which we determine a redshift ofz= 0.0861. SN 2024ahr has a peak absolute magnitude ofMg≈Mr≈ −21 mag, rest-frame rise and decline times (50% of peak) of about 40 and 80 days, respectively, and typical spectroscopic evolution in the optical band. Similarly, modeling of the UV/optical light curves with a magnetar spin-down engine leads to typical parameters: an initial spin period of ≈3.3 ms, a magnetic field strength of ≈6 × 1013G, and an ejecta mass of ≈9.5M⊙. Due to its relatively low redshift, we obtained a high signal-to-noise ratio near-IR (NIR) spectrum about 43 rest-frame days postpeak to search for the presence of helium. We do not detect any significant feature at the location of the Heiλ2.058μm feature and place a conservative upper limit of ∼0.05M⊙on the mass of helium in the outer ejecta. We detect broad features of Mgiλ1.575μm and Mgiiλ2.136μm, which are typical of Type Ic SNe, but with higher velocities. Examining the sample of SLSNe-I with NIR spectroscopy, we find that, unlike SN 2024ahr, these events are generally peculiar. This highlights the need for a large sample of prototypical SLSNe-I with NIR spectroscopy to constrain the fraction of progenitors with helium (Ib-like) and without helium (Ic-like) at the time of explosion, and hence the evolutionary path(s) leading to the rare outcome of SLSNe-I.more » « less
-
We present photometric and spectroscopic observations of SN 2020xga and SN 2022xgc, two hydrogen-poor superluminous supernovae (SLSNe-I) atz = 0.4296 andz = 0.3103, respectively, which show an additional set of broad Mg IIabsorption lines, blueshifted by a few thousands kilometer second−1with respect to the host galaxy absorption system. Previous work interpreted this as due to resonance line scattering of the SLSN continuum by rapidly expanding circumstellar material (CSM) expelled shortly before the explosion. The peak rest-frameg-band magnitude of SN 2020xga is −22.30 ± 0.04 mag and of SN 2022xgc is −21.97 ± 0.05 mag, placing them among the brightest SLSNe-I. We used high-quality spectra from ultraviolet to near-infrared wavelengths to model the Mg IIline profiles and infer the properties of the CSM shells. We find that the CSM shell of SN 2020xga resides at ∼1.3 × 1016cm, moving with a maximum velocity of 4275 km s−1, and the shell of SN 2022xgc is located at ∼0.8 × 1016cm, reaching up to 4400 km s−1. These shells were expelled ∼11 and ∼5 months before the explosions of SN 2020xga and SN 2022xgc, respectively, possibly as a result of luminous-blue-variable-like eruptions or pulsational pair instability (PPI) mass loss. We also analyzed optical photometric data and modeled the light curves, considering powering from the magnetar spin-down mechanism. The results support very energetic magnetars, approaching the mass-shedding limit, powering these SNe with ejecta masses of ∼7 − 9 M⊙. The ejecta masses inferred from the magnetar modeling are not consistent with the PPI scenario pointing toward stars > 50 M⊙He-core; hence, alternative scenarios such as fallback accretion and CSM interaction are discussed. Modeling the spectral energy distribution of the host galaxy of SN 2020xga reveals a host mass of 107.8M⊙, a star formation rate of 0.96−0.26+0.47M⊙yr−1, and a metallicity of ∼0.2 Z⊙.more » « less
