A hydro-economic analysis of end-of-century climate projections on agricultural land and water use, production, and revenues in the U.S. Northern Rockies and Great Plains

Lauffenburger, Zachary H.; Maneta, Marco P.; Cobourn, Kelly M.; Jencso, Kelsey; Chaffin, Brian; Crockett, Anna; Maxwell, Bruce; Kimball, John S.

doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2022.101127

Abstract We study the relationship of zonal gravity coefficients, J 2 n , zonal winds, and axial moment of inertia (MoI) by constructing models for the interiors of giant planets. We employ the nonperturbative concentric Maclaurin spheroid method to construct both physical (realistic equation of state and barotropes) and abstract (small number of constant-density spheroids) interior models. We find that accurate gravity measurements of Jupiter’s and Saturn’s J 2 , J 4 , and J 6 by the Juno and Cassini spacecraft do not uniquely determine the MoI of either planet but do constrain it to better than 1%. Zonal winds (or differential rotation (DR)) then emerge as the leading source of uncertainty. For Saturn they are predicted to decrease the MoI by 0.4% because they reach a depth of ∼9000 km, while on Jupiter they appear to reach only ∼3000 km. We thus predict DR to affect Jupiter’s MoI by only 0.01%, too small by one order of magnitude to be detectable by the Juno spacecraft. We find that winds primarily affect the MoI indirectly via the gravity harmonic J 6 , while direct contributions are much smaller because the effects of pro- and retrograde winds cancel. DR contributes +6% and −0.8% to Saturn’s and Jupiter’s J 6 value, respectively. This changes the J 6 contribution that comes from the uniformly rotating bulk of the planet that correlates most strongly with the predicted MoI. With our physical models, we predict Jupiter’s MoI to be 0.26393 ± 0.00001. For Saturn, we predict 0.2181 ± 0.0002, assuming a rotation period of 10:33:34 hr that matches the observed polar radius.

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