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1. Spatial and Ecological Farmer Knowledge and Decision-Making about Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity

   https://doi.org/10.3390/land9100356  

   Kpienbaareh, Daniel; Bezner Kerr, Rachel; Luginaah, Isaac; Wang, Jinfei; Lupafya, Esther; Dakishoni, Laifolo; Shumba, Lizzie (October 2020, Land)

   null (Ed.)

   Amid climate change, biodiversity loss and food insecurity, there is the growing need to draw synergies between micro-scale environmental processes and practices, and macro-level ecosystem dynamics to facilitate conservation decision-making. Adopting this synergistic approach can improve crop yields and profitability more sustainably, enhance livelihoods and mitigate climate change. Using spatially explicit data generated through a public participatory geographic information system methodology (n = 37), complemented by spatial analysis, interviews (n = 68) and focus group discussions (n = 4), we explored the synergies between participatory farmer-to-farmer agroecology knowledge sharing, farm-level decisions and their links with macro-level prioritization of conservation strategies. We mapped farm conditions and ecosystem services (ES) of two village areas with varying knowledge systems about farming. Results of the farm-level analysis revealed variations in spatial perception among farmers, differences in understanding the dynamics of crop growth and varying priorities for extension services based on agroecological knowledge. The ES use pattern analysis revealed hotspots in the mapped ES indicators with similarities in both village areas. Despite the similarities in ES use, priorities for biodiversity conservation align with farmers’ understanding of farm processes and practices. Farmers with training in agroecology prioritized strategies that are ecologically friendly while farmers with no agroecology training prioritized the use of strict regulations. Importantly, the results show that agroecology can potentially contribute to biodiversity conservation and food security, with climate change mitigation co-benefits. The findings generally contribute to debates on land sparing and land sharing conservation strategies and advance social learning theory as it pertains to acquiring agroecological knowledge for improved yield and a sustainable environment. 

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2. Capturing Stakeholders’ Challenges of the Food–Water–Energy Nexus—A Participatory Approach for Pune and the Bhima Basin, India

   https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095323  

   Karutz, Raphael; Omann, Ines; Gorelick, Steven M.; Klassert, Christian J.; Zozmann, Heinrich; Zhu, Yuanzao; Kabisch, Sigrun; Kindler, Annegret; Figueroa, Anjuli Jain; Wang, Ankun; et al (May 2022, Sustainability)

   Systems models of the Food–Water–Energy (FWE) nexus face a conceptual difficulty: the systematic integration of local stakeholder perspectives into a coherent framework for analysis. We present a novel procedure to co-produce and systematize the real-life complexity of stakeholder knowledge and forge it into a clear-cut set of challenges. These are clustered into the Pressure–State–Response (PSIR) framework, which ultimately guides the development of a conceptual systems model closely attuned to the needs of local stakeholders. We apply this approach to the case of the emerging megacity Pune and the Bhima basin in India. Through stakeholder workshops, involving 75 resource users and experts, we identified 22 individual challenges. They include exogenous pressures, such as climate change and urbanization, and endogenous pressures, such as agricultural groundwater over-abstraction and land use change. These pressures alter the Bhima basin’s system state, characterized by inefficient water and energy supply systems and regional scarcity. The consequent impacts on society encompass the inadequate provision with food, water, and energy and livelihood challenges for farmers in the basin. An evaluation of policy responses within the conceptual systems model shows the complex cause–effect interactions between nexus subsystems. One single response action, such as the promotion of solar farming, can affect multiple challenges. The resulting concise picture of the regional FWE system serves resource users, policymakers, and researchers to evaluate long-term policies within the context of the urban FWE system. While the presented results are specific to the case study, the approach can be transferred to any other FWE nexus system. 

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3. Assessing local perceptions of deforestation, forest restoration, and the role of agroecology for agroecosystem restoration in northern Malawi

   https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.4238  

   Kpienbaareh, Daniel; Luginaah, Isaac; Bezner Kerr, Rachel; Wang, Jinfei; Poveda, Katja; Steffan‐Dewenter, Ingolf; Lupafya, Esther; Dakishoni, Laifolo (March 2022, Land Degradation & Development)

   Deforestation drives climate change and reinforces food insecurity in forest dependent communities. What drives deforestation varies by location and is shaped by livelihood systems. But how locals perceive restoration is crucial for developing restoration policies. Evidence suggests that applying sustainable farming strategies can potentially restore forests and sustain livelihoods. Applying a broad-based conceptualization of deforestation and restoration in policymaking, however, results in missed opportunities for addressing deforestation and restoration. Here, we explore the drivers of deforestation, the perceptions of restoration, and the challenges to restoration among smallholder farmers in northern Malawi and examine how agroecology can contribute to restoring degraded agroecosystems. Participants report agricultural land expansion, charcoal production, climate change, burnt brick production, and government subsidies as the major drivers of deforestation. We observed that although perceptions of forest restoration reflect farmers' traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) to include reclamation of degraded farmlands, reconstruction of native tree species, and replacement of felled trees on farmlands, there are challenges including splitting families to gain access to more subsidized fertilizers and food aid, embedded cultural practices, growing demand for charcoal in cities, and weak ecosystem governance structures that hinder the effectiveness of restoration efforts. We, however, do find that agroecological intensification can increase yield from smaller farmlands and allow for larger and longer-lasting fallows of spare lands which regenerate forests. Key overarching implications of these findings include the need to integrate livelihoods more explicitly into restoration plans, accounting for TEK in restoration policies in forest-dependent communities and encouraging the adoption of agroecology. 

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4. Narrow and Brittle or Broad and Nimble? Comparing Adaptive Capacity in Simplifying and Diversifying Farming Systems

   https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.564900  

   Petersen-Rockney, Margiana; Baur, Patrick; Guzman, Aidee; Bender, S. Franz; Calo, Adam; Castillo, Federico; De Master, Kathryn; Dumont, Antoinette; Esquivel, Kenzo; Kremen, Claire; et al (March 2021, Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems)

   null (Ed.)

   Humanity faces a triple threat of climate change, biodiversity loss, and global food insecurity. In response, increasing the general adaptive capacity of farming systems is essential. We identify two divergent strategies for building adaptive capacity. Simplifying processes seek to narrowly maximize production by shifting the basis of agricultural production toward centralized control of socially and ecologically homogenized systems. Diversifying processes cultivate social-ecological complexity in order to provide multiple ecosystem services, maintain management flexibility, and promote coordinated adaptation across levels. Through five primarily United States focused cases of distinct agricultural challenges—foodborne pathogens, drought, marginal lands, labor availability, and land access and tenure—we compare simplifying and diversifying responses to assess how these pathways differentially enhance or degrade the adaptive capacity of farming systems in the context of the triple threat. These cases show that diversifying processes can weave a form of broad and nimble adaptive capacity that is fundamentally distinct from the narrow and brittle adaptive capacity produced through simplification. We find that while there are structural limitations and tradeoffs to diversifying processes, adaptive capacity can be facilitated by empowering people and enhancing ecosystem functionality to proactively distribute resources and knowledge where needed and to nimbly respond to changing circumstances. Our cases suggest that, in order to garner the most adaptive benefits from diversification, farming systems should balance the pursuit of multiple goals, which in turn requires an inclusive process for active dialogue and negotiation among diverse perspectives. Instead of locking farming systems into pernicious cycles that reproduce social and ecological externalities, diversification processes can enable nimble responses to a broad spectrum of possible stressors and shocks, while also promoting social equity and ecological sustainability. 

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5. Improving First-Year Engineering Student Success with Targeted Financial Assistance, Supplemental Instruction, and Cohort Team Building

   https://doi.org/10.18260/1-2--47591  

   Cruse, Krystal; Boyet, Carl; Palmer, James (June 2024, ASEE Conferences)

   This complete research paper assesses the first-year implementation of an NSF-funded S-STEM effort, the SUCCESS Scholars Program (SSP), established in the Fall of 2022 at Louisiana Tech University. Louisiana Tech University is a Carnegie High Research Activity University that has approximately 20% of its 7500 undergraduates as engineering majors, is geographically distanced from large metropolitan areas but draws its student population both statewide and regionally and operates on the quarter calendar. Louisiana Tech University merged the math, chemistry, and physics programs with the engineering, technology, and computer science programs into a single college in 1995 and created an integrated freshman engineering curriculum in 1998. Louisiana Tech University has a long history of educational innovations in engineering education, with a hands-on project-based approach implemented in 2004 and four other NSF-funded programs to increase student success in engineering since 2007. The SSP builds on these prior efforts by providing financial, academic, personal, and professional support to engineering students starting in their first year of college through four years of academic study. The first cohort of twenty-four students was selected through an application process after learning about the program at orientation. The SSP team focused heavily in the first year on academic support and community building while also providing each student a financial scholarship of up to $10,000 depending on unmet financial need. Throughout the first year, students in the SSP attended a three-day-a-week first-year engineering course instead of the typical two-day-a-week course. This provided additional access to the lab equipment, contact hours with their instructor, practice problems, and helped foster community among the cohort. Additional academic support was provided through supplemental instruction sessions strategically designed to provide support in both their engineering and mathematics courses. These sessions were led by upper-level peer mentors. Students were connected with faculty mentors in their discipline through lunches that the SSP faculty team provided each week. These lunches helped reduce food insecurity while also providing an inviting atmosphere for interaction between peers and faculty. Lunches also offered an opportunity to have career discussions and bring in professional development speakers like student organization leaders and graduate students. At the start of the first quarter of their sophomore year, nineteen students were either still on track or just one quarter behind in their engineering curriculum. This record will be compared with the approximately 420 students who either were eligible or did not take part in this program. Historical data will be reviewed to determine how predictive these initial markers are toward completion of the degree. 

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