An official website of the United States government
Abstract The crystal structures of the charge‐transfer (CT) cocrystals formed by the π‐electron acceptor 1,3,4,5,7,8‐hexafluoro‐11,11,12,12‐tetracyanonaphtho‐2,6‐quinodimethane (F6TNAP) with the planar π‐electron‐donor molecules triphenylene (TP), benzo[b]benzo[4,5]thieno[2,3‐d]thiophene (BTBT), benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene (BDT), pyrene (PY), anthracene (ANT), and carbazole (CBZ) have been determined using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (SCXRD), along with those of two polymorphs of F6TNAP. All six cocrystals exhibit 1:1 donor/acceptor stoichiometry and adopt mixed‐stacking motifs. Cocrystals based on BTBT and CBZ π‐electron donor molecules exhibit brickwork packing, while the other four CT cocrystals show herringbone‐type crystal packing. Infrared spectroscopy, molecular geometries determined by SCXRD, and electronic structure calculations indicate that the extent of ground‐state CT in each cocrystal is small. Density functional theory calculations predict large conduction bandwidths and, consequently, low effective masses for electrons for all six CT cocrystals, while the TP‐, BDT‐, and PY‐based cocrystals are also predicted to have large valence bandwidths and low effective masses for holes. Charge‐carrier mobility values are obtained from space‐charge limited current (SCLC) measurements and field‐effect transistor measurements, with values exceeding 1 cm2V−1s1being estimated from SCLC measurements for BTBT:F6TNAP and CBZ:F6TNAP cocrystals.
more »
« less
Bonding and uneven charge distribution in infinite pyrene π-stacks
Unusual intermolecular π-stacking in a new charge transfer salt of pyrene (Py), (Py) 2 + (Ga 2 Cl 7 ) − , has been observed. The structure obtained by single crystal X-ray crystallography indicates π-stacks of pyrene which were analyzed using a combination of density functional theory and the analysis of the bond length alternation patterns in the pyrene molecules in different charge states. There are relatively few crystal structures of charge transfer salts of pyrene in the literature, and this structure shows a unique charge separation in which half of the pyrenes are nearly neutral while the other half carry approximately +1 charge in an alternating fashion along the 1D stacks balancing one electron charge transfer to each (Ga 2 Cl 7 ) − anion. The charge localization is attributed to the incomplete inter-pyrene overlap of the singly occupied molecular orbitals.
more »
« less
- PAR ID:
- 10414887
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- CrystEngComm
- Volume:
- 24
- Issue:
- 32
- ISSN:
- 1466-8033
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 5757 to 5766
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
More Like this
-
-
Abstract Cu‐containing metalloenzymes are known to catalyze oxygen activation through cooperative catalysis. In the current work, we report the design of synthetic polymer Cu catalysts using pyrene‐labelled poly(2‐hydroxy‐3‐dipicolylamino) propyl methacrylate (Py‐PGMADPA) to coordinate multiple Cu sites along polymer chains. The catalysts feature a pyrene end group that can form supramolecular π‐π stacking with conductive carbon to allow efficient immobilization of catalysts to the graphite electrode. Cu‐containing Py‐PGMADPA was examined for electrocatalytic oxygen reduction. The hybrid catalyst showed an onset potential of 0.5 V (vs. RHE) at pH 7 and 0.79 V at pH 13. The kinetic study indicated that the catalyst had a 2e−reduction of oxygen mainly mediated by Cu+centers. We demonstrated the importance of cooperative catalysis among Cu sites which did not exist for other transition metal ions, like Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, and Ni2+. The confinement of polymer chains promotes the activity and stabilizes Cu catalysts even at an extremely low Cu loading. The rational design of bioinspired polymer catalysts offers an alternative way to prepare synthetic mimics of metalloenzymes.more » « less
-
A new compound, Ba 3 Ga 2 O 5 Cl 2 , isostructural with Ba 3 Fe 2 O 5 Cl 2 , was synthesized by solid-state reaction in air. Through single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction analysis, the crystal structure was determined to be cubic with chiral space group I 2 1 3 and unit-cell parameter a = 9.928 (1) Å. The Ga 3+ ions in Ba 3 Ga 2 O 5 Cl 2 are coordinated by O atoms and form GaO 4 tetrahedra. Ten neighboring GaO 4 tetrahedra are further bridged through corner sharing and rotation along the body diagonal, producing the chiral structure. Magnetization measurements indicate temperature-independent diamagnetic behavior, which is qualitatively consistent with core diamagnetism from all the constituent elements.more » « less
-
Electron donor–acceptor co-crystals are receiving increasing interest because of their many useful optoelectronic properties. While the steady-state properties of many different co-crystals have been characterized, very few studies have addressed how crystal morphology affects the dynamics of charge transfer (CT) exciton formation, migration, and decay, which are often critical to their performance in device structures. Here we show that co-crystallization of a pyrene (Pyr) electron donor with either N , N ′-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)- or N , N ′-bis(3′-pentyl)-perylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (diisoPDI or C 5 PDI) electron acceptors, respectively, yields mixed π-stacked Pyr–diisoPDI or Pyr–C 5 PDI donor–acceptor co-crystals. Femtosecond transient absorption microscopy is used to determine the CT exciton dynamics in these single crystals. Fitting the data to a one-dimensional charge transfer CT exciton diffusion model reveals a diffusion constant that is two orders of magnitude higher in the Pyr–diisoPDI co-crystal compared to the Pyr–C 5 PDI co-crystal. By correlating the co-crystal structures to their distinct excited-state dynamics, the effects of each mixed stacked structure on the exciton dynamics and the mechanisms of CT exciton diffusion are elucidated.more » « less
-
null (Ed.)Organic donor–acceptor (D–A) co-crystals have attracted much interest due to their important optical and electronic properties. Co-crystals having ⋯DADA⋯ π-stacked morphologies are especially interesting because photoexcitation produces a charge-transfer (CT) exciton, D˙ + –A˙ − , between adjacent D–A molecules. Although several studies have reported on the steady-state optical properties of this type of CT exciton, very few have measured the dynamics of its formation and decay in a single D–A co-crystal. We have co-crystallized a peri -xanthenoxanthene ( PXX ) donor with a N , N -bis(3-pentyl)-2,5,8,11-tetraphenylperylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) ( Ph4PDI ) acceptor to give an orthorhombic PXX – Ph4PDI ⋯DADA⋯ π-stacked co-crystal with a CT transition dipole moment that is perpendicular to the transition moments for S n ← S 0 excitation of PXX and Ph4PDI . Using polarized, broadband, femtosecond pump–probe microscopy, we have determined that selective photoexcitation of Ph4PDI in the single co-crystal results in CT exciton formation within the 300 fs instrument response time. At early times (0.3 ≤ t ≤ 500 ps), the CT excitons decay with a t −1/2 dependence, which is attributed to CT biexciton annihilation within the one-dimensional ⋯DADA⋯ π-stacks producing high-energy, long-lived (>8 ns) electron–hole pairs in the crystal. These energetic charge carriers may prove useful in applications ranging from photovoltaics and opto-electronics to photocatalysis.more » « less
- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
-
Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.1039/D2CE00933A
