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Theory and modeling are combined to reveal the physical and dynamical processes that control Saharan dust transport by amplifying African easterly waves (AEWs). Two cases are examined: active transport, in which the dust is radiatively coupled to the circulation; passive transport, in which the dust is radiatively decoupled from the circulation. The theory is built around a dust conservation equation for dust-coupled AEWs in zonal-mean African easterly jets. The theory predicts that, for both the passive and active cases, the dust transports will be largest where the zonal-mean dust gradients are maximized on an AEW critical surface. Whether the dust transports are largest for the radiatively passive or radiatively active case depends on the growth rate of the AEWs, which is modulated by the dust heating. The theoretical predictions are confirmed via experiments carried out with the Weather Research and Forecasting model, which is coupled to a dust conservation equation. The experiments show that the meridional dust transports dominate in the passive case, while the vertical dust transports dominate in the active case.
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Scale-Dependent Transport of Saharan Dust by African Easterly Waves
The scale-dependent transport of Saharan dust aerosols by African easterly waves (AEWs) is examined analytically and numerically. The analytical analysis shows that the meridional and vertical wave transports of dust are modulated by the Doppler-shifted frequency, ωd, and the wave growth rate, ωi, both of which are functions of the zonal wave scale. The analytical analysis predicts that the AEW dust transports, which are driven by the Reynolds stresses acting on the mean dust gradients, are largest for the twin limits: ωd→0, which corresponds to flow near a critical surface, a local effect; and ωi→0, which corresponds to the slowest growing waves, a global effect. The numerical analysis is carried out with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, which is radiatively coupled to the dust field. The model simulations are based on an AEW spectrum consistent with observations. The simulations agree with the theoretical predictions: the slowest growing waves have the strongest transports, which are as much as ~40% larger than the transports of the fastest growing wave. Although the transports are highly scale-dependent, largely due to the scale dependence of ωi, the location of the critical surface and thus the location of the maximum dust transports are not.
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- Award ID(s):
- 2108233
- PAR ID:
- 10428610
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Geosciences
- Volume:
- 12
- Issue:
- 9
- ISSN:
- 2076-3263
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 337
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12090337
