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1. Feasibility and Compatibility of a Biomass Capsule System in Self-Healing Concrete

   https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14040958  

   Sinha, Arkabrata; Wang, Qi; Wei, Jianqiang (February 2021, Materials)

   null (Ed.)

   Cracking can facilitate deteriorations of concrete structures via various mechanisms by providing ingress pathways for moisture and aggressive chemicals. In contrast to conventional maintenance methods, self-healing is a promising strategy for achieving automatic crack repair without human intervention. However, in capsule-based self-healing concrete, the dilemma between capsules’ survivability and crack healing efficiency is still an unfathomed challenge. In this study, the feasibility of a novel property-switchable capsule system based on a sustainable biomass component, polylactic acid, is investigated. Capsules with different geometries and dimensions were studied focusing on the compatibility with concrete, including survivability during concrete mixing, influence on mortar and concrete properties, and property evolution of the capsules. The results indicate that the developed elliptical capsules can survive regular concrete mixing with a survival ratio of 95%. In concrete containing 5 vol.% of gravel-level capsules, the compressive strength was decreased by 13.5% after 90 days, while the tensile strength was increased by 4.8%. The incorporation of 2 vol.% of sand-level capsules did not impact the mortar strength. Degradation and switchable properties triggered by the alkaline matrix of cement were observed, revealing the potential of this novel biomass capsule system in achieving both high survivability and self-healing efficiency in concrete. 

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2. Core–shell droplets and microcapsules formed through liquid–liquid phase separation of a colloid–polymer mixture

   https://doi.org/10.1039/D1SM01091C  

   Dang, Steven; Brady, John; Rel, Ryle; Surineni, Sreenidhi; O’Shaughnessy, Conor; McGorty, Ryan (September 2021, Soft Matter)

   Microcapsules allow for the controlled containment, transport, and release of cargoes ranging from pharmaceuticals to fragrances. Given the interest from a variety of industries in microcapsules and other core–shell structures, a multitude of fabrication strategies exist. Here, we report on a method relying on a mixture of temperature-responsive microgel particles, poly( N -isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM), and a polymer which undergo fluid–fluid phase separation. At room temperature this mixture separates into colloid-rich (liquid) and colloid-poor (gas) fluids. By heating the sample above a critical temperature where the microgel particles shrink dramatically and develop a more deeply attractive interparticle potential, the droplets of the colloid-rich phase become gel-like. As the temperature is lowered back to room temperature, these droplets of gelled colloidal particles reliquefy and phase separation within the droplet occurs. This phase separation leads to colloid-poor droplets within the colloid-rich droplets surrounded by a continuous colloid-poor phase. The gas/liquid/gas all-aqueous double emulsion lasts only a few minutes before a majority of the inner droplets escape. However, the colloid-rich shell of the core–shell droplets can solidify with the addition of salt. That this method creates core–shell structures with a shell composed of stimuli-sensitive microgel colloidal particles using only aqueous components makes it attractive for encapsulating biological materials and making capsules that respond to changes in, for example, temperature, salt concentration, or pH. 

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3. Shell buckling for programmable metafluids

   https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07163-z  

   Djellouli, Adel; Van Raemdonck, Bert; Wang, Yang; Yang, Yi; Caillaud, Anthony; Weitz, David; Rubinstein, Shmuel; Gorissen, Benjamin; Bertoldi, Katia (April 2024, Nature)

   The pursuit of materials with enhanced functionality has led to the emergence of metamaterials—artificially engineered materials whose properties are determined by their structure rather than composition. Traditionally, the building blocks of metamaterials are arranged in fixed positions within a lattice structure. However, recent research has revealed the potential of mixing disconnected building blocks in a fluidic medium. Inspired by these recent advances, here we show that by mixing highly deformable spherical capsules into an incompressible fluid, we can realize a ‘metafluid’ with programmable compressibility, optical behaviour and viscosity. First, we experimentally and numerically demonstrate that the buckling of the shells endows the fluid with a highly nonlinear behaviour. Subsequently, we harness this behaviour to develop smart robotic systems, highly tunable logic gates and optical elements with switchable characteristics. Finally, we demonstrate that the collapse of the shells upon buckling leads to a large increase in the suspension viscosity in the laminar regime. As such, the proposed metafluid provides a promising platform for enhancing the functionality of existing fluidic devices by expanding the capabilities of the fluid itself. 

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4. Nanofiller-Enhanced Soft Non-Gelatin Alginate Capsules for Modified Drug Delivery

   https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14040355  

   Joshi, Sameer; Sahu, Rajnish; Dennis, Vida A.; Singh, Shree R. (April 2021, Pharmaceuticals)

   Capsules are one of the major solid dosage forms available in a variety of compositions and shapes. Developments in this dosage form are not new, but the production of non-gelatin capsules is a recent trend. In pharmaceutical as well as other biomedical research, alginate has great versatility. On the other hand, the use of inorganic material to enhance material strength is a common research topic in tissue engineering. The research presented here is a combination of qualities of alginate and montmorillonite (MMT). These two materials were used in this research to produce a soft non-gelatin modified-release capsule. Moreover, the research describes a facile benchtop production of these capsules. The produced capsules were critically analyzed for their appearance confirming resemblance with marketed capsules, functionality in terms of drug encapsulation, as well as release and durability. 

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5. Angiosperm affinities of Surangea from the late Cretaceous Deccan Intertrappean Beds of central India

   https://doi.org/10.35535/acpa-2022-0013  

   Ramteke, Deepak; Smith, Selena Y.; Kapgate, Dashrath K.; Stanley, Edward L.; Manchester, Steven R. (January 2022, Acta Palaeobotanica)

   The genus Surangea Chitaley et Sheikh, based on permineralized specimens from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds of central India, was originally considered to represent a fern megasporangium. Reexamination of original material and new specimens has revealed that the structures are capsular fruits with well-defined seeds, rather than megasporangia. We describe Surangea fruits in detail, based on peels and micro-CT scanning, and document its distribution among multiple localities of the Deccan Intertrappean Beds. The fruits are pentacarpellate septicidal capsules with ~8–12 seeds per locule. The seeds are prominently ornamented with parallel ridges and have a curved embryo/endosperm cavity and a prominent aril. This set of features indicates eudicotyledonous affinities for Surangea. In particular, the combination of septicidal capsules, axile placentation and arillate campylotropus seeds suggests affinity with the order Myrtales, but it does not fit cleanly within an extant family. Surangea fruits add to the diversity of angiosperms known from this late Maastrichtian flora. It joins several other fruit types known from the Deccan flora that do not fall neatly into extant families, possibly representing parts of an endemic community that succumbed to environmental stress associated K-Pg boundary events and/or subsequent northward rafting of the Indian subcontinent. 

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