Title: Anatomically interpretable deep learning of brain age captures domain-specific cognitive impairment
The gap between chronological age (CA) and biological brain age, as estimated from magnetic resonance images (MRIs), reflects how individual patterns of neuroanatomic aging deviate from their typical trajectories. MRI-derived brain age (BA) estimates are often obtained using deep learning models that may perform relatively poorly on new data or that lack neuroanatomic interpretability. This study introduces a convolutional neural network (CNN) to estimate BA after training on the MRIs of 4,681 cognitively normal (CN) participants and testing on 1,170 CN participants from an independent sample. BA estimation errors are notably lower than those of previous studies. At both individual and cohort levels, the CNN provides detailed anatomic maps of brain aging patterns that reveal sex dimorphisms and neurocognitive trajectories in adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI, N = 351) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD, N = 359). In individuals with MCI (54% of whom were diagnosed with dementia within 10.9 y from MRI acquisition), BA is significantly better than CA in capturing dementia symptom severity, functional disability, and executive function. Profiles of sex dimorphism and lateralization in brain aging also map onto patterns of neuroanatomic change that reflect cognitive decline. Significant associations between BA and neurocognitive measures suggest that the proposed framework can map, systematically, the relationship between aging-related neuroanatomy changes in CN individuals and in participants with MCI or AD. Early identification of such neuroanatomy changes can help to screen individuals according to their AD risk. more »« less
González, Kevin A.; Tarraf, Wassim; Stickel, Ariana M.; Kaur, Sonya; Agudelo, Christian; Redline, Susan; Gallo, Linda C.; Isasi, Carmen R.; Cai, Jianwen; Daviglus, Martha L.; et al(
, Alzheimer's & Dementia)
AbstractINTRODUCTION
Sleep duration has been associated with dementia and stroke. Few studies have evaluated sleep pattern–related outcomes of brain disease in diverse Hispanics/Latinos.
METHODS
The SOL‐INCA (Study of Latinos‐Investigation of Neurocognitive Aging) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study recruited diverse Hispanics/Latinos (35–85 years) who underwent neuroimaging. The main exposure was self‐reported sleep duration. Our main outcomes were total and regional brain volumes.
RESULTS
The final analytic sample includedn = 2334 participants. Increased sleep was associated with smaller brain volume (βtotal_brain = −0.05,p < 0.01) and consistently so in the 50+ subpopulation even after adjusting for mild cognitive impairment status. Sleeping >9 hours was associated with smaller gray (βcombined_gray = −0.17,p < 0.05) and occipital matter volumes (βoccipital_gray = −0.18,p < 0.05).
DISCUSSION
We found that longer sleep duration was associated with lower total brain and gray matter volume among diverse Hispanics/Latinos across sex and background. These results reinforce the importance of sleep on brain aging in this understudied population.
Highlights
Longer sleep was linked to smaller total brain and gray matter volumes.
Longer sleep duration was linked to larger white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) and smaller hippocampal volume in an obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) risk group.
These associations were consistent across sex and Hispanic/Latino heritage groups.
Cross-cultural differences in the association between neuropsychiatric symptoms and Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers are not well understood. This study aimed to (1) compare depressive symptoms and frequency of reported apathy across diagnostic groups of participants with normal cognition (CN), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia, as well as ethnic groups of Hispanic Americans (HA) and European Americans (EA); (2) evaluate the relationship between depression and apathy with A beta deposition and brain atrophy. Statistical analyses included ANCOVAs, chi-squared, nonparametric tests, correlations, and logistic regressions. Higher scores on the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) were reported in the MCI and dementia cohorts, while older age corresponded with lower GDS-15 scores. The frequency of apathy differed across diagnoses within each ethnicity, but not when comparing ethnic groups. Reduced volume in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) significantly correlated with and predicted apathy for the total sample after applying false discovery rate corrections (FDR), controlling for covariates. The EA group separately demonstrated a significant negative relationship between apathy and superior frontal volume, while for HA, there was a relationship between rostral ACC volume and apathy. Apathy corresponded with higher A beta levels for the total sample and for the CN and HA groups.
The calculation of so‐called “brain age” from structural MRIs has been an emerging biomarker in aging research. Data suggests that discrepancies between chronological age and the predicted age of the brain may be predictive of mortality and morbidity (for review, see Cole, Marioni, Harris, & Deary, 2019). However, with these promising results come technical complexities of how to calculate brain age. Various groups have deployed methods leveraging different statistical approaches, often crafting novel algorithms for assessing this biomarker derived from structural MRIs. There remain many open questions about the reliability, collinearity, and predictive power of different algorithms. Here, we complete a rigorous systematic comparison of three commonly used, previously published brain age algorithms (XGBoost, brainageR, and DeepBrainNet) to serve as a foundation for future applied research. First, using multiple datasets with repeated structural MRI scans, we calculated two metrics of reliability (intraclass correlations and Bland–Altman bias). We then considered correlations between brain age variables, chronological age, biological sex, and image quality. We also calculated the magnitude of collinearity between approaches. Finally, we used machine learning approaches to identify significant predictors across brain age algorithms related to clinical diagnoses of cognitive impairment. Using a large sample (N = 2557), we find all three commonly used brain age algorithms demonstrate excellent reliability (r > .9). We also note that brainageR and DeepBrainNet are reasonably correlated with one another, and that the XGBoost brain age is strongly related to image quality. Finally, and notably, we find that XGBoost brain age calculations were more sensitive to the detection of clinical diagnoses of cognitive impairment. We close this work with recommendations for future research studies focused on brain age.
Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is known to be associated with neurobiological and cognitive deficits; however, their extent, overlap with aging effects, and the effectiveness of existing treatments in the context of the brain are currently unknown. Methods: We characterized neurocognitive effects independently associated with T2DM and age in a large cohort of human subjects from the UK Biobank with cross-sectional neuroimaging and cognitive data. We then proceeded to evaluate the extent of overlap between the effects related to T2DM and age by applying correlation measures to the separately characterized neurocognitive changes. Our findings were complemented by meta-analyses of published reports with cognitive or neuroimaging measures for T2DM and healthy controls (HCs). We also evaluated in a cohort of T2DM-diagnosed individuals using UK Biobank how disease chronicity and metformin treatment interact with the identified neurocognitive effects. Results: The UK Biobank dataset included cognitive and neuroimaging data (N = 20,314), including 1012 T2DM and 19,302 HCs, aged between 50 and 80 years. Duration of T2DM ranged from 0 to 31 years (mean 8.5 ± 6.1 years); 498 were treated with metformin alone, while 352 were unmedicated. Our meta-analysis evaluated 34 cognitive studies (N = 22,231) and 60 neuroimaging studies: 30 of T2DM (N = 866) and 30 of aging (N = 1088). Compared to age, sex, education, and hypertension-matched HC, T2DM was associated with marked cognitive deficits, particularly in executive functioning and processing speed . Likewise, we found that the diagnosis of T2DM was significantly associated with gray matter atrophy, primarily within the ventral striatum , cerebellum , and putamen , with reorganization of brain activity (decreased in the caudate and premotor cortex and increased in the subgenual area , orbitofrontal cortex, brainstem, and posterior cingulate cortex ). The structural and functional changes associated with T2DM show marked overlap with the effects correlating with age but appear earlier, with disease duration linked to more severe neurodegeneration. Metformin treatment status was not associated with improved neurocognitive outcomes. Conclusions: The neurocognitive impact of T2DM suggests marked acceleration of normal brain aging. T2DM gray matter atrophy occurred approximately 26% ± 14% faster than seen with normal aging; disease duration was associated with increased neurodegeneration. Mechanistically, our results suggest a neurometabolic component to brain aging. Clinically, neuroimaging-based biomarkers may provide a valuable adjunctive measure of T2DM progression and treatment efficacy based on neurological effects. Funding: The research described in this article was funded by the W. M. Keck Foundation (to LRMP), the White House Brain Research Through Advancing Innovative Technologies (BRAIN) Initiative (NSFNCS-FR 1926781 to LRMP), and the Baszucki Brain Research Fund (to LRMP). None of the funding sources played any role in the design of the experiments, data collection, analysis, interpretation of the results, the decision to publish, or any aspect relevant to the study. DJW reports serving on data monitoring committees for Novo Nordisk. None of the authors received funding or in-kind support from pharmaceutical and/or other companies to write this article.
Arruda, Fernanda; Rosselli, Mónica; Mejia Kurasz, Andrea; Loewenstein, David A.; DeKosky, Steven T.; Lang, Merike K.; Conniff, Joshua; Vélez-Uribe, Idaly; Ahne, Emily; Shihadeh, Layaly; et al(
, Applied Neuropsychology: Adult)
Objective: The interaction of ethnicity, progression of cognitive impairment, and neuroimaging biomarkers of Alzheimer’s Disease remains unclear. We investigated the stability in cognitive status classification (cognitively normal [CN] and mild cognitive impairment [MCI]) of 209 participants (124 Hispanics/Latinos and 85 European Americans).
Methods: Biomarkers (structural MRI and amyloid PET scans) were compared between
Hispanic/Latino and European American individuals who presented a change in cognitive diagnosis during the second or third follow-up and those who remained stable over time.
Results: There were no significant differences in biomarkers between ethnic groups in any of the diagnostic categories. The frequency of CN and MCI participants who were progressors (progressed to a more severe cognitive diagnosis at follow-up) and non-progressors (either stable through follow-ups or unstable [progressed but later reverted to a diagnosis of CN]) did not significantly differ across ethnic groups. Progressors had greater atrophy in the hippocampus (HP) and entorhinal cortex (ERC) at baseline compared to unstable non-progressors (reverters) for both ethnic groups, and more significant ERC atrophy was observed among progressors of the Hispanic/Latino group. For European Americans diagnosed with MCI, there were 60% more progressors than reverters (reverted from MCI to CN), while among Hispanics/Latinos with MCI, there were 7% more reverters than progressors. Binomial logistic regressions predicting progression, including brain biomarkers, MMSE, and ethnicity, demonstrated that only MMSE was a predictor for CN participants at baseline. However, for MCI participants at baseline, HP atrophy, ERC atrophy, and MMSE predicted progression.
@article{osti_10434245,
place = {Country unknown/Code not available},
title = {Anatomically interpretable deep learning of brain age captures domain-specific cognitive impairment},
url = {https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10434245},
DOI = {10.1073/pnas.2214634120},
abstractNote = {The gap between chronological age (CA) and biological brain age, as estimated from magnetic resonance images (MRIs), reflects how individual patterns of neuroanatomic aging deviate from their typical trajectories. MRI-derived brain age (BA) estimates are often obtained using deep learning models that may perform relatively poorly on new data or that lack neuroanatomic interpretability. This study introduces a convolutional neural network (CNN) to estimate BA after training on the MRIs of 4,681 cognitively normal (CN) participants and testing on 1,170 CN participants from an independent sample. BA estimation errors are notably lower than those of previous studies. At both individual and cohort levels, the CNN provides detailed anatomic maps of brain aging patterns that reveal sex dimorphisms and neurocognitive trajectories in adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI, N = 351) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD, N = 359). In individuals with MCI (54% of whom were diagnosed with dementia within 10.9 y from MRI acquisition), BA is significantly better than CA in capturing dementia symptom severity, functional disability, and executive function. Profiles of sex dimorphism and lateralization in brain aging also map onto patterns of neuroanatomic change that reflect cognitive decline. Significant associations between BA and neurocognitive measures suggest that the proposed framework can map, systematically, the relationship between aging-related neuroanatomy changes in CN individuals and in participants with MCI or AD. Early identification of such neuroanatomy changes can help to screen individuals according to their AD risk.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
volume = {120},
number = {2},
author = {Yin, Chenzhong and Imms, Phoebe and Cheng, Mingxi and Amgalan, Anar and Chowdhury, Nahian F. and Massett, Roy J. and Chaudhari, Nikhil N. and Chen, Xinghe and Thompson, Paul M. and Bogdan, Paul and Irimia, Andrei and Weiner, Michael W. and Aisen, Paul and Petersen, Ronald and Weiner, Michael W. and Aisen, Paul and Petersen, Ronald and Jack, Clifford R. and Jagust, William and Trojanowki, John Q. and Toga, Arthur W. and Beckett, Laurel and Green, Robert C. and Saykin, Andrew J. and Morris, John C. and Perrin, Richard J. and Shaw, Leslie M. and Khachaturian, Zaven and Carrillo, Maria and Potter, William and Barnes, Lisa and Bernard, Marie and González, Hector and Ho, Carole and Hsiao, John K. and Jackson, Jonathan and Masliah, Eliezer and Masterman, Donna and Okonkwo, Ozioma and Perrin, Richard and Ryan, Laurie and Silverberg, Nina and Fleisher, Adam and Lilly, Eli and Weiner, Michael W. and Truran Sacrey, Diana and Fockler, Juliet and Conti, Cat and Veitch, Dallas and Neuhaus, John and Jin, Chengshi and Nosheny, Rachel and Ashford, Miriam and Flenniken, Derek and Kormos, Adrienne and Green, Robert C. and Montine, Tom and Conti, Cat and Petersen, Ronald and Aisen, Paul and Rafii, Michael and Raman, Rema and Jimenez, Gustavo and Donohue, Michael and Gessert, Devon and Salazar, Jennifer and Zimmerman, Caileigh and Cabrera, Yuliana and Walter, Sarah and Miller, Garrett and Coker, Godfrey and Clanton, Taylor and Hergesheimer, Lindsey and Smith, Stephanie and Adegoke, Olusegun and Mahboubi, Payam and Moore, Shelley and Pizzola, Jeremy and Shaffer, Elizabeth and Sloan, Brittany and Beckett, Laurel and Harvey, Danielle and Donohue, Michael and Jack, Clifford R. and Forghanian-Arani, Arvin and Borowski, Bret and Ward, Chad and Schwarz, Christopher and Jones, David and Gunter, Jeff and Kantarci, Kejal and Senjem, Matthew and Vemuri, Prashanthi and Reid, Robert and Fox, Nick C. and Malone, Ian and Thompson, Paul and Thomopoulos, Sophia I. and Nir, Talia M. and Jahanshad, Neda and DeCarli, Charles and Knaack, Alexander and Fletcher, Evan and Harvey, Danielle and Tosun-Turgut, Duygu and Chen, Stephanie Rossi and Choe, Mark and Crawford, Karen and Yushkevich, Paul A. and Das, Sandhitsu and Jagust, William and Koeppe, Robert A. and Reiman, Eric M. and Chen, Kewei and Mathis, Chet and Landau, Susan and Morris, John C. and Perrin, Richard and Cairns, Nigel J. and Householder, Erin and Franklin, Erin and Bernhardt, Haley and Taylor-Reinwald, Lisa and Shaw, Leslie M. and Trojanowki, John Q. and Korecka, Magdalena and Figurski, Michal and Toga, Arthur W. and Crawford, Karen and Neu, Scott and Saykin, Andrew J. and Nho, Kwangsik and Risacher, Shannon L. and Apostolova, Liana G. and Shen, Li and Foroud, Tatiana M. and Nudelman, Kelly and Faber, Kelley and Wilmes, Kristi and Weiner, Michael W. and Thal, Leon and Khachaturian, Zaven and Hsiao, John K. and Silbert, Lisa C. and Lind, Betty and Crissey, Rachel and Kaye, Jeffrey A. and Carter, Raina and Dolen, Sara and Quinn, Joseph and Schneider, Lon S. and Pawluczyk, Sonia and Becerra, Mauricio and Teodoro, Liberty and Dagerman, Karen and Spann, Bryan M. and Brewer, James and Vanderswag, Helen and Fleisher, Adam and Ziolkowski, Jaimie and Heidebrink, Judith L. and Zbizek-Nulph, Lisa and Lord, Joanne L. and Zbizek-Nulph, Lisa and Petersen, Ronald and Mason, Sara S. and Albers, Colleen S. and Knopman, David and Johnson, Kris and Villanueva-Meyer, Javier and Pavlik, Valory and Pacini, Nathaniel and Lamb, Ashley and Kass, Joseph S. and Doody, Rachelle S. and Shibley, Victoria and Chowdhury, Munir and Rountree, Susan and Dang, Mimi and Stern, Yaakov and Honig, Lawrence S. and Mintz, Akiva and Ances, Beau and Morris, John C. and Winkfield, David and Carroll, Maria and Stobbs-Cucchi, Georgia and Oliver, Angela and Creech, Mary L. and Mintun, Mark A. and Schneider, Stacy and Geldmacher, David and Natelson Love, Marissa and Griffith, Randall and Clark, David and Brockington, John and Marson, Daniel and Grossman, Hillel and Goldstein, Martin A. and Greenberg, Jonathan and Mitsis, Effie and Shah, Raj C. and Lamar, Melissa and Samuels, Patricia and Duara, Ranjan and Greig-Custo, Maria T. and Rodriguez, Rosemarie and Albert, Marilyn and Onyike, Chiadi and Farrington, Leonie and Rudow, Scott and Brichko, Rottislav and Kielb, Stephanie and Smith, Amanda and Raj, Balebail Ashok and Fargher, Kristin and Sadowski, Martin and Wisniewski, Thomas and Shulman, Melanie and Faustin, Arline and Rao, Julia and Castro, Karen M. and Ulysse, Anaztasia and Chen, Shannon and Sheikh, Mohammed O. and Singleton-Garvin, Jamika and Doraiswamy, P. Murali and Petrella, Jeffrey R. and James, Olga and Wong, Terence Z. and Borges-Neto, Salvador and Karlawish, Jason H. and Wolk, David A. and Vaishnavi, Sanjeev and Clark, Christopher M. and Arnold, Steven E. and Smith, Charles D. and Jicha, Gregory A. and El Khouli, Riham and Raslau, Flavius D. and Lopez, Oscar L. and Oakley, MaryAnn and Simpson, Donna M. and Porsteinsson, Anton P. and Martin, Kim and Kowalski, Nancy and Keltz, Melanie and Goldstein, Bonnie S. and Makino, Kelly M. and Ismail, M. Saleem and Brand, Connie and Thai, Gaby and Pierce, Aimee and Yanez, Beatriz and Sosa, Elizabeth and Witbracht, Megan and Kelley, Brendan and Nguyen, Trung and Womack, Kyle and Mathews, Dana and Quiceno, Mary and Levey, Allan I. and Lah, James J. and Hajjar, Ihab and Cellar, Janet S. and Burns, Jeffrey M. and Swerdlow, Russell H. and Brooks, William M. and Silverman, Daniel H.S. and Kremen, Sarah and Apostolova, Liana and Tingus, Kathleen and Lu, Po H. and Bartzokis, George and Woo, Ellen and Teng, Edmond and Graff-Radford, Neill R. and Parfitt, Francine and Poki-Walker, Kim and Farlow, Martin R. and Hake, Ann Marie and Matthews, Brandy R. and Brosch, Jared R. and Herring, Scott and van Dyck, Christopher H. and Mecca, Adam P. and MacAvoy, Martha G. and Carson, Richard E. and Varma, Pradeep and Chertkow, Howard and Vaitekunis, Susan and Hosein, Chris and Black, Sandra and Stefanovic, Bojana and Heyn, Chris and Hsiung, Ging-Yuek Robin and Kim, Ellen and Mudge, Benita and Sossi, Vesna and Feldman, Howard and Assaly, Michele and Finger, Elizabeth and Pasternak, Stephen and Rachinsky, Irina and Kertesz, Andrew and Drost, Dick and Rogers, John and Grant, Ian and Muse, Brittanie and Rogalski, Emily and Robson, Jordan and Mesulam, M.-Marsel and Kerwin, Diana and Wu, Chuang-Kuo and Johnson, Nancy and Lipowski, Kristine and Weintraub, Sandra and Bonakdarpour, Borna and Pomara, Nunzio and Hernando, Raymundo and Sarrael, Antero and Rosen, Howard J. and Miller, Bruce L. and Perry, David and Turner, Raymond Scott and Johnson, Kathleen and Reynolds, Brigid and MCCann, Kelly and Poe, Jessica and Sperling, Reisa A. and Johnson, Keith A. and Marshall, Gad A. and Yesavage, Jerome and Taylor, Joy L. and Chao, Steven and Coleman, Jaila and White, Jessica D. and Lane, Barton and Rosen, Allyson and Tinklenberg, Jared and Belden, Christine M. and Spann, Bryan M. and Clark, Kelly A. and Zamrini, Edward and Sabbagh, Marwan and Killiany, Ronald and Stern, Robert and Mez, Jesse and Kowall, Neil and Budson, Andrew E. and Obisesan, Thomas O. and Ntekim, Oyonumo E. and Wolday, Saba and Khan, Javed I. and Nwulia, Evaristus and Nadarajah, Sheeba and Lerner, Alan and Ogrocki, Paula and Tatsuoka, Curtis and Fatica, Parianne and Fletcher, Evan and Maillard, Pauline and Olichney, John and DeCarli, Charles and Carmichael, Owen and Bates, Vernice and Capote, Horacio and Rainka, Michelle and Borrie, Michael and Lee, T-Y and Bartha, Dr Rob and Johnson, Sterling and Asthana, Sanjay and Carlsson, Cynthia M. and Perrin, Allison and Burke, Anna and Scharre, Douglas W. and Kataki, Maria and Tarawneh, Rawan and Kelley, Brendan and Hart, David and Zimmerman, Earl A. and Celmins, Dzintra and Miller, Delwyn D. and Boles Ponto, Laura L. and Smith, Karen Ekstam and Koleva, Hristina and Shim, Hyungsub and Nam, Ki Won and Schultz, Susan K. and Williamson, Jeff D. and Craft, Suzanne and Cleveland, Jo and Yang, Mia and Sink, Kaycee M. and Ott, Brian R. and Drake, Jonathan and Tremont, Geoffrey and Daiello, Lori A. and Drake, Jonathan D. and Sabbagh, Marwan and Ritter, Aaron and Bernick, Charles and Munic, Donna and Mintz, Akiva and O’Connelll, Abigail and Mintzer, Jacobo and Wiliams, Arthur and Masdeu, Joseph and Shi, Jiong and Garcia, Angelica and Sabbagh, Marwan and Newhouse, Paul and Potkin, Steven and Salloway, Stephen and Malloy, Paul and Correia, Stephen and Kittur, Smita and Pearlson, Godfrey D. and Blank, Karen and Anderson, Karen and Flashman, Laura A. and Seltzer, Marc and Hynes, Mary L. and Santulli, Robert B. and Relkin, Norman and Chiang, Gloria and Lee, Athena and Lin, Michael and Ravdin, Lisa and Weiner, Michael W. and Aisen, Paul and Petersen, Ron and Weiner, Michael W. and Aisen, Paul and Petersen, Ronald and Green, Robert C. and Harvey, Danielle and Jack, Jr. and Jagust, William and Morris, John C. and Saykin, Andrew J. and Shaw, Leslie M. and Toga, Arthur W. and Trojanowki, John Q. and Neylan, Thomas and Grafman, Jordan and Green, Robert C. and Montine, Tom and Aisen, Paul and Jimenez, Gustavo and Donohue, Michael and Gessert, Devon and Salazar, Jennifer and Zimmerman, Caileigh and Walter, Sarah and Adegoke, Olusegun and Mahboubi, Payam and Danowski, Sarah and Coker, Godfrey and Clanton, Taylor and Pizzola, Jeremy and Shaffer, Elizabeth and Nguyen-Barrera, Catherine and Neylan, Thomas and Hayes, Jacqueline and Finley, Shannon and Harvey, Danielle and Donohue, Michael and Jack, Jr. and Bernstein, Matthew and Borowski, Bret and Gunter, Jeff and Senjem, Matt and Kantarci, Kejal and Ward, Chad and Tosun-Turgut, Duygu and Rossi Chen, Stephanie and Landau, Susan and Koeppe, Robert A. and Foster, Norm and Reiman, Eric M. and Chen, Kewei and Morris, John C. and Perrin, Richard J. and Franklin, Erin and Shaw, Leslie M. and Trojanowki, John Q. and Korecka, Magdalena and Figurski, Michal and Toga, Arthur W. and Crawford, Karen and Neu, Scott and Saykin, Andrew J. and Foroud, Tatiana M. and Potkin, Steven and Shen, Li and Faber, Kelley and Kim, Sungeun and Nho, Kwangsik and Wilmes, Kristi and Schneider, Lon S. and Pawluczyk, Sonia and Becerra, Mauricio and Teodoro, Liberty and Dagerman, Karen and Spann, Bryan M. and Brewer, James and Vanderswag, Helen and Fleisher, Adam and Stern, Yaakov and Honig, Lawrence S. and Mintz, Akiva and Shah, Raj C. and Sood, Ajay and Blanchard, Kimberly S. and Fleischman, Debra and Arfanakis, Konstantinos and Duara, Dr. Ranjan and Varon, Dr. Daniel and Greig, Maria T and Doraiswamy, P. Murali and Petrella, Jeffrey R. and James, Olga and Borges-Neto, Salvador and Wong, Terence Z. and Porsteinsson, Anton P. and Martin, Kimberly S. and Thai, Gaby and Pierce, Aimee and Reist, Christopher and Yanez, Beatriz and Sosa, Elizabeth and Witbracht, Megan and Sadowsky, Carl and Martinez, Walter and Villena, Teresa and Rosen, Howard and Perry, David and Turner, Raymond Scott and Johnson, Kathleen and Reynolds, Brigid and MCCann, Kelly and Poe, Jessica and Sperling, Reisa A. and Johnson, Keith A. and Marshall, Gad and Belden, Christine M. and Spann, Bryan M. and Clark, Kelly A. and Zamrini, Edward and Sabbagh, Marwan and Obisesan, Thomas O. and Ntekim, Oyonumo E. and Nwulia, Evaristus and Nadarajah, Sheeba and Asthana, Sanjay and Carlsson, Cynthia M. and Peskind, Elaine R. and Petrie, Eric C. and Li, Gail and Yesavage, Jerome and Taylor, Joy L. and Chao, Steven and Coleman, Jaila and White, Jessica D. and Lane, Barton and Rosen, Allyson and Tinklenberg, Jared and Lin, Michael and Chiang, Gloria and Ravdin, Lisa and Relkin, Norman and O’Connelll, Abigail and Mintzer, Jacobo and Wiliams, Arthur and Mackin, Scott and Aisen, Paul and Raman, Rema and Jimenez-Maggiora, Gustavo and Donohue, Michael and Gessert, Devon and Salazar, Jennifer and Zimmerman, Caileigh and Walter, Sarah and Adegoke, Olusegun and Mahboubi, Payam and Mackin, Scott and Weiner, Michael W. and Aisen, Paul and Raman, Rema and Jack, Jr. and Landau, Susan and Saykin, Andrew J. and Toga, Arthur W. and DeCarli, Charles and Koeppe, Robert A. and Green, Robert C. and Drake, Erin and Weiner, Michael W. and Aisen, Paul and Raman, Rema and Donohue, Mike and Mackin, Scott and Nelson, Craig and Bickford, David and Butters, Meryl and Zmuda, Michelle and Jack, Jr. and Bernstein, Matthew and Borowski, Bret and Gunter, Jeff and Senjem, Matt and Kantarci, Kejal and Ward, Chad and Reyes, Denise and Koeppe, Robert A. and Landau, Susan and Toga, Arthur W. and Crawford, Karen and Neu, Scott and Saykin, Andrew J. and Foroud, Tatiana M. and Faber, Kelley M. and Nho, Kwangsik and Nudelman, Kelly N. and Mackin, Scott and Rosen, Howard and Nelson, Craig and Bickford, David and Au, Yiu Ho and Scherer, Kelly and Catalinotto, Daniel and Stark, Samuel and Ong, Elise and Fernandez, Dariella and Butters, Meryl and Zmuda, Michelle and Lopez, Oscar L. and Oakley, MaryAnn and Simpson, Donna M.},
}
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