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1. Investigation of Disaster-Resilient Network-Cloud Ecosystem with Open Disaggregation and Cooperation Technologies (Invited)

   Xu, S.; Ishii, K.; Yoshikane, N.; Sahoo, S.; Ferdousi, S.; Shiraiwa, M.; Hirota, Y.; Tsuritani, T.; Tornatore, M.; Awaji, Y.; et al (April 2023, Cyber Physical Systems enabled by Sensing/Network/AI and Photonics Conference (CPS-SNAP))

   We investigate the problem of future disaster-resilient optical network-cloud ecosystems. We introduce our solutions considering openness/disaggregation and cooperation for single- and multi-entity network-cloud ecosystems, respectively. 

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2. Resilience enhancement in open network–cloud ecosystems through disaggregation and cooperation [Invited]

   https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.500488  

   Xu, Sugang; Ishii, Kiyo; Yoshikane, Noboru; Sahoo, Subhadeep; Ferdousi, Sifat; Shiraiwa, Masaki; Hirota, Yusuke; Tsuritani, Takehiro; Tornatore, Massimo; Awaji, Yoshinari; et al (January 2024, Journal of Optical Communications and Networking)

   To accommodate the growing demand for cloud services, telecom carriers’ networks and datacenter (DC) facilities form large network–cloud ecosystems (ecosystems for short) physically supporting these services. These large-scale ecosystems are continuously evolving and must be highly resilient to support critical services. Open and disaggregated optical-networking technologies promise to enhance the interoperability across telecom carriers and DC operators, thanks to their open interfaces in both the data plane and control/management plane. In the first part of this paper, we focus on a single entity (e.g., a telecom carrier or an emerging telecom/DC partnership company) that owns both the network and DC infrastructures in the ecosystem. We introduce a solution by leveraging open and disaggregated technologies to enhance the resilience of the optical networks within a multi-vendor and multi-domain ecosystem. In the second part of this paper, we consider the case when the networks and DCs are owned by different entities. Also, in this case, cooperation among datacenter providers (DCPs) and carriers is crucial to provide failure/disaster resilience to today’s cloud services. However, such cooperation is more challenging since DCPs and carriers, being different entities, may not disclose confidential information, e.g., detailed resource availability. Hence, we introduce a solution to enhance the resilience of such multi-entity ecosystems through cooperation between DCPs and carriers without violating confidentiality. 

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3. State changes: insights from the U.S. Long Term Ecological Research Network

   https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3433  

   Zinnert, Julie_C; Nippert, Jesse_B; Rudgers, Jennifer_A; Pennings, Steven_C; González, Grizelle; Alber, Merryl; Baer, Sara_G; Blair, John_M; Burd, Adrian; Collins, Scott_L; et al (May 2021, Ecosphere)

   Abstract Understanding the complex and unpredictable ways ecosystems are changing and predicting the state of ecosystems and the services they will provide in the future requires coordinated, long‐term research. This paper is a product of a U.S. National Science Foundation funded Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) network synthesis effort that addressed anticipated changes in future populations and communities. Each LTER site described what their site would look like in 50 or 100 yr based on long‐term patterns and responses to global change drivers in each ecosystem. Common themes emerged and predictions were grouped into state change, connectivity, resilience, time lags, and cascading effects. Here, we report on the “state change” theme, which includes examples from the Georgia Coastal (coastal marsh), Konza Prairie (mesic grassland), Luquillo (tropical forest), Sevilleta (arid grassland), and Virginia Coastal (coastal grassland) sites. Ecological thresholds (the point at which small changes in an environmental driver can produce an abrupt and persistent state change in an ecosystem quality, property, or phenomenon) were most commonly predicted. For example, in coastal ecosystems, sea‐level rise and climate change could convert salt marsh to mangroves and coastal barrier dunes to shrub thicket. Reduced fire frequency has converted grassland to shrubland in mesic prairie, whereas overgrazing combined with drought drive shrub encroachment in arid grasslands. Lastly, tropical cloud forests are susceptible to climate‐induced changes in cloud base altitude leading to shifts in species distributions. Overall, these examples reveal that state change is a likely outcome of global environmental change across a diverse range of ecosystems and highlight the need for long‐term studies to sort out the causes and consequences of state change. The diversity of sites within the LTER network facilitates the emergence of overarching concepts about state changes as an important driver of ecosystem structure, function, services, and futures. 

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4. A Distributed-Ledger-based Multi-Entity Cooperation Platform for Network-Cloud Recovery

   Xu, S; Sahoo, S; Yoshikane, N; Ferdousi, S; Shiraiwa, M; Hirota, Y; Tsuritani, T; Tornatore, M; Awaji, Y; Mukherjee, B (May 2024, International Conference on Optical Network Design and Modelling)

   Cooperation among telecom carriers and datacenter (DC) providers (DCPs) is essential to ensure resiliency of network-cloud ecosystems. To enable efficient cooperative recovery in case of resource crunch, e.g., due to traffic congestion or network failures, we previously studied several frameworks for cooperative recovery among different stakeholders (e.g., telecom carriers and DCPs). Now, we introduce a novel Multi-entity Cooperation Platform (MCP) for implementing cooperative recovery planning, to achieve efficient use of carriers’ valuable optical-network resources during recovery. We adopt a Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) that ensures decentralized and tamper-proof information exchange among stakeholders to achieve open and fair cooperation. To support diverse types of cooperation, we develop a state machine representing the MCP operation and define state transitions associated to stakeholders’ cooperation within the state machine. Moreover, we propose a signaling system in MCP to ensure simple and reliable state transitions for stakeholders during the cooperative recovery planning in large ecosystems. We experimentally demonstrate a proof-of-concept DLT-based MCP on a testbed. We showcase a DCP-carrier cooperative planning process, showing the flexibility of the proposed MCP to support diverse types of cooperation. 

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5. A Novel Strategy of Carrier Cooperation with Coordinated Scheduling for Swift Failure/Disaster Recovery

   Xu, S.; Sahoo, S.; Ferdousi, S.; Shiraiwa, M.; Hirota, Y.; Tornatore, M.; Awaji, Y.; Mukherjee, B. (May 2023, International Conference on Optical Network Design and Modeling (ONDM))

   Large-scale network-cloud ecosystems are fundamental infrastructures to support future 5G/6G services, and their resilience is a primary societal concern for the years to come. Differently from a single-entity ecosystem (in which one entity owns the whole infrastructure), in multi-entity ecosystems (in which the networks and datacenters are owned by different entities) cooperation among such different entities is crucial to achieve resilience against large-scale failures. Such cooperation is challenging since diffident entities may not disclose confidential information, e.g., detailed resource availability. To enhance the resilience of multi-entity ecosystems, carriers are important as all the entities rely on carriers’ communication services. Thus, in this study we investigate how to perform carrier cooperative recovery in case of large-scale failures/disasters. We propose a two-stage cooperative recovery planning by incorporating a coordinated scheduling for swift recovery. Through preliminary numerical evaluation, we confirm the potential benefit of carrier cooperation in terms of both recovery time and recovery cost/burden reduction. 

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