An official website of the United States government
Since the turn of the century, the human microbiome has garnered significant interest from biologists, engineers, mathematicians, computer scientists, medical professionals, clinicians, the food industry, and the pharmaceutical industry. It is now widely understood that the human microbiome is far more diverse than we envisioned in the 17th century when microorganisms were isolated, viewed, and documented with a simple microscope. Recent seminal studies using next-generation molecular technologies and computation strategies have demonstrated a strong association between the human microbiome on human health and disease. This review explores the effects of the human microbiome on human cancers such as breast, colorectal, and liver cancer. Identification of localized microbiomes may serve as an early-warning biological detection system to aid in diagnosing human cancer. Tissue-specific microbiomes synthesize, secrete, and metabolize various host and microbial products that impact the growth or suppression of microorganisms and modify tumor development, cancer progression, immunological profiles, and responses to treatment strategies. Future review articles will survey the contribution of the human microbiome to other human carcinomas.
more »
« less
The role of the microbiome in human disease
Since the invention of the microscope, scientists have described microbial communities on living and non-living matter. In terms of human-associated microbes, scientists have documented the beneficial effects of the microbiota for many decades. Prophylactic effects include protection from pathogens, digestion potential, and the production of essential vitamins. However, recent high-throughput methodologies and analytical advances have accelerated microbiome science and our understanding of microbial diversity in living organisms. The microbiome denotes the complex network of all the microorganisms and microbial genes located in specific biotic or abiotic environments. We now realize the enormous diversity and functionality of the microbiota in humans and the endless benefits to health and disease. Dysbiosis facilitates the manufacture of various proinflammatory mediators, biochemical imbalances, and colonization of microbes associated with disease outcomes. Additional work is necessary to determine whether changes in the human microbiome are due to anthropogenic, genetic, or environmental variations. This review will present microbiome research studies focusing on human disease. The findings documented in this article offer optimism on the profound role microorganisms play in supporting human health and how pharmaceutical interactions targeting specific microbes can decrease the incidence of human disease caused by the ecological disturbance of the normal microbiota.
more »
« less
- Award ID(s):
- 2205612
- PAR ID:
- 10436754
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Biomedical journal of scientific technical research
- Volume:
- 48
- Issue:
- 5
- ISSN:
- 2574-1241
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 40166-40170
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
More Like this
-
-
The gut microbiome incorporates the ecological niche specific to the totality of the microorganisms in the human gut. Unique to every individual, the blueprint of the microbiome sets up at birth and functions as a human organ and plays a significant role in digestion, detoxification, fighting pathogens, modulating the immune system, and improving health. The gut microbiota and associated health implications are influenced by factors such as birth and age, diseases, use of antibiotics and food components (e.g., complex carbohydrates and dietary fibers, plant proteins, unsaturated fatty acids, and functional compounds of natural origin such as flavones, flavonoids, polyphenols, and antioxidants). Toward this end, diet and the gut microbiome interact and govern each other’s fate. Herein, gut dysbiosis, the alteration of natural state and composition of the gut microbiome, and the gut microflora diversity modulated by food constituents and associated health effects have been discussed. The gut microbiota composition and related metabolites are influenced by the diet which in turn modulates human health. The outcome is deemed to aid in developing personalized diet recommendations (based on the unique gut microbiome) toward improving human health. Keywords: gut microbiome, gut microbiota, gut dysbiosis, short-chain fatty acids, metabolites, health modulationmore » « less
-
POGIL, or process-oriented guided inquiry learning, is a pedagogical technique created over thirty years ago to enhance student engagement. POGIL is a student-centered approach that improves students’ learning and professional skills. POGIL activities incorporate the classic learning model with recurrent actions of exploration, concept invention, and application to encourage student inquiry. The microbiome represents the total collection of microbes associated with living organisms in distinct locations. The balance of microorganisms at the population level impacts an organism’s health and disease disposition. Enrichment or reduction of specific bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the human population accurately predicts normal or abnormal physiological functions. There is a lack of literature regarding POGIL and microbiome sciences. Thus, this article will elucidate the advantages of developing and integrating microbiome-focused POGIL assignments in institutions of higher learning. The development of additional POGIL activities will improve the understanding of microbiome concepts and experiments designed to explore the composition and functions of the microbiome in various plant and animal ecosystems. Additional educational research on the effects of POGIL activities on student outcomes will boost acceptance of this collaborative learning technique.more » « less
-
The gut microbiome plays an important role in human health and influences the development of chronic diseases ranging from metabolic disease to gastrointestinal disorders and colorectal cancer. Of increasing prevalence in Western societies, these conditions carry a high burden of care. Dietary patterns and environmental factors have a profound effect on shaping gut microbiota in real time. Diverse populations of intestinal bacteria mediate their beneficial effects through the fermentation of dietary fiber to produce short-chain fatty acids, endogenous signals with important roles in lipid homeostasis and reducing inflammation. Recent progress shows that an individual’s starting microbial profile is a key determinant in predicting their response to intervention with live probiotics. The gut microbiota is complex and challenging to characterize. Enterotypes have been proposed using metrics such as alpha species diversity, the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes phyla, and the relative abundance of beneficial genera (e.g., Bifidobacterium, Akkermansia) versus facultative anaerobes (E. coli), pro-inflammatory Ruminococcus, or nonbacterial microbes. Microbiota composition and relative populations of bacterial species are linked to physiologic health along different axes. We review the role of diet quality, carbohydrate intake, fermentable FODMAPs, and prebiotic fiber in maintaining healthy gut flora. The implications are discussed for various conditions including obesity, diabetes, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, depression, and cardiovascular disease.more » « less
-
Abstract BackgroundMosquitoes harbor microbial communities that play important roles in their growth, survival, reproduction, and ability to transmit human pathogens. Microbiome transplantation approaches are often used to study host-microbe interactions and identify microbial taxa and assemblages associated with health or disease. However, no such approaches have been developed to manipulate the microbiota of mosquitoes. ResultsHere, we developed an approach to transfer entire microbial communities between mosquito cohorts. We undertook transfers between (Culex quinquefasciatustoAedes aegypti) and within (Ae. aegyptitoAe. aegypti) species to validate the approach and determine the number of mosquitoes required to prepare donor microbiota. After the transfer, we monitored mosquito development and microbiota dynamics throughout the life cycle. Typical holometabolous lifestyle-related microbiota structures were observed, with higher dynamics of microbial structures in larval stages, including the larval water, and less diversity in adults. Microbiota diversity in recipient adults was also more similar to the microbiota diversity in donor adults. ConclusionsThis study provides the first evidence for successful microbiome transplantation in mosquitoes. Our results highlight the value of such methods for studying mosquito-microbe interactions and lay the foundation for future studies to elucidate the factors underlying microbiota acquisition, assembly, and function in mosquitoes under controlled conditions.more » « less
- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
-
Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Journal Article:
- The DOI is not currently available.
