BSE mosaics of mushes and experimental products. Abstract: "We conducted experiments to study melt migration in crystal-rich mushes, with application to magma ascent within transcrustal magma reservoirs. Mushes with crystal volume fractions of 0.59 to 0.83 were prepared by hot-pressing crushed borosilicate glass mixed with different amounts quartz sand particles. Each experimental sample comprises stacked disks of mush and soda-lime glass, a proxy for crystal-free magma. Samples were subjected to confining pressures of 100 to 300 MPa and a temperature of 900°C (above the glass transition temperatures of the borosilicate and soda-lime glasses) for up to 6 h. The bottom and circumference of the mush and soda lime disks experience the confining pressure, but the top of the mush disks are at room pressure, resulting in a pore-pressure gradient across the mush layer. Following cooling and decompression, we determined the area fraction and morphology of soda-lime melt that migrated into the mush layer during experiments. Melt fraction is more strongly correlated to crystal fraction than pore-pressure gradient, increasing with crystal fraction before sharply decreasing as crystal fractions exceed 0.8. This change at 0.8 coincides with the transition from crystals in the mush moving during soda-lime migration to crystals forming a continuous rigid network. In our experiments, melt migration occurred by viscous fingering, but near the mobile-to-rigid transition, melt migration is enhanced by additional capillary action. Our results indicate that magma migration may peak when rigid mushes “unlock” to become mobile. This transition may mark an increase in magma migration, a potential precursor to volcanic unrest and eruption." Imaging: "Transverse sections cut from the top and/or bottom of the vacuum hot-pressed mushes were polished, carbon-coated, and imaged in BSE mode using the JEOL JXA-8530FPlus Electron Probe Microanalyzer (EPMA) at UMN (15 kV, 10 nA). About ten 50x magnification images were taken per sample and then compiled into BSE mosaics using Affinity Designer. The different compositions of the borosilicate glass and crystalline materials are distinguishable by greyscale in BSE images. [...] Following each experiment, sample assemblies were cut longitudinally along the cylindrical axis to produce sections for microstructural analysis. Scored samples (pHi-19s, Int-20s, Lo-21s) were cut again to produce sections tangential to the sample cylinder. Cut sections were vacuum impregnated with EpoFix resin and hand-polished on diamond lapping film from 30 to 0.5 μm grit. Polished and carbon-coated samples were imaged in BSE mode in the EPMA at UMN (15 kV, 10 nA). The different compositions of the soda-lime glass, borosilicate glass, and crystalline materials are distinguishable by greyscale in BSE images. Twenty to forty 50x magnification images were taken per sample and then compiled into sample-scale BSE mosaics using Affinity Designer."
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The Surface Deformation Signature of a Transcrustal, Crystal Mush‐Dominant Magma System
The transcrustal, mush‐dominated magma storage paradigm, which posits liquid melt is heterogeneously distributed within a vertically extensive magma mush, differs significantly from classical geodetic models, where melt is stored within liquid‐dominant chambers within an elastic crust. Here, we present mechanical models consistent with transcrustal melt storage by separating the magmatic system into three domains: liquid melt lenses, surrounding crystal‐dominated poroelastic magma mush, and elastic crust. Our results indicate that pressure changes within the melt lens may induce surface displacements that approximate the displacements predicted by spheroidal pressure sources that mimic the geometry of the mush zone. Adopting constitutive parameters of the mush dependent on mush melt fraction, we show that a magma storage system will have an effective geometry inferred from surface displacements that smoothly transitions from the geometry of the melt lens to the geometry of the mush as mush melt fraction increases. This holds true across multiple storage zone geometries, including a “transcrustal” storage zone with a magma mush that extends deep in the crust. Accounting for the presence of a magma mush can lead to an increase in the estimated volume of injected or withdrawn magma (by several multiples) compared to values obtained using fully elastic models. Comparing erupted magma volumes to source volume changes allows for an estimation of magma compressibility; we show the presence of a mush can increase this estimated magma compressibility by up to approximately 50%, suggesting magmas may have higher bubble fraction than previous geodetically derived estimates.
more » « less- NSF-PAR ID:
- 10444396
- Publisher / Repository:
- DOI PREFIX: 10.1029
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
- Volume:
- 127
- Issue:
- 5
- ISSN:
- 2169-9313
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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Abstract We conducted experiments to study melt migration in crystal‐rich mushes, with application to magma ascent within transcrustal magma reservoirs. Mushes with crystal volume fractions of 0.59–0.83 were prepared by hot‐pressing crushed borosilicate glass mixed with different proportions of quartz sand particles. Each experimental sample comprises stacked disks of mush and soda‐lime glass, a proxy for crystal‐free magma. Samples were subjected to confining pressures of 100–300 MPa and a temperature of 900°C (above the glass transition temperatures of the borosilicate and soda‐lime glasses) for up to 6 h. The bottom and circumference of the mush and soda lime disks experience the confining pressure, but the top of the mush disks is at room pressure, resulting in a pore‐pressure gradient across the mush layer. Following cooling and decompression, we determined the area fraction and morphology of soda‐lime melt that migrated into the mush layer during experiments. Melt fraction is more strongly correlated to crystal fraction than pore‐pressure gradient, increasing with crystal fraction before sharply decreasing as crystal fractions exceed 0.8. This change at 0.8 coincides with the transition from crystals in the mush moving during soda‐lime migration to crystals forming a continuous rigid network. In our experiments, melt migration occurred by viscous fingering, but near the mobile‐to‐rigid transition, melt migration is enhanced by additional capillary action. Our results indicate that magma migration may peak when rigid mushes “unlock” to become mobile. This transition may mark an increase in magma migration, a potential precursor to volcanic unrest and eruption.
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