skip to main content


Title: Programming material properties by tuning intermolecular bonding
Conventional strategies for materials design have long been used by leveraging primary bonding, such as covalent, ionic, and metallic bonds, between constituent atoms. However, bond energy required to break primary bonds is high. Therefore, high temperatures and enormous energy consumption are often required in processing and manufacturing such materials. On the contrary, intermolecular bonds (hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, electrostatic interactions, imine bonds, etc.) formed between different molecules and functional groups are relatively weaker than primary bonds. They, thus, require less energy to break and reform. Moreover, intermolecular bonds can form at considerably longer bond lengths between two groups with no constraint on a specific bond angle between them, a feature that primary bonds lack. These features motivate unconventional strategies for the material design by tuning the intermolecular bonding between constituent atoms or groups to achieve superior physical properties. This paper reviews recent development in such strategies that utilize intermolecular bonding and analyzes how such design strategies lead to enhanced thermal stability and mechanical properties of the resulting materials. The applications of the materials designed and fabricated by tuning the intermolecular bonding are also summarized, along with major challenges that remain and future perspectives that call for further attention to maximize the potential of programming material properties by tuning intermolecular bonding.  more » « less
Award ID(s):
1936452
PAR ID:
10448640
Author(s) / Creator(s):
; ;
Date Published:
Journal Name:
Journal of Applied Physics
Volume:
132
Issue:
21
ISSN:
0021-8979
Format(s):
Medium: X
Sponsoring Org:
National Science Foundation
More Like this
  1. Understanding hydrogen-bond interactions in self-assembled lattice materials is crucial for preparing such materials, but the role of hydrogen bonds (H bonds) remains unclear. To gain insight into H-bond interactions at the materials’ intrinsic spatial scale, we investigated ultrafast H-bond dynamics between water and biomimetic self-assembled lattice materials (composed of sodium dodecyl sulfate and β-cyclodextrin) in a spatially resolved manner. To accomplish this, we developed an infrared pump, vibrational sum-frequency generation (VSFG) probe hyperspectral microscope. With this hyperspectral imaging method, we were able to observe that the primary and secondary OH groups of β-cyclodextrin exhibit markedly different dynamics, suggesting distinct H-bond environments, despite being separated by only a few angstroms. We also observed another ultrafast dynamic reflecting a weakening and restoring of H bonds between bound water and the secondary OH of β-cyclodextrin, which exhibited spatial uniformity within self-assembled domains, but heterogeneity between domains. The restoration dynamics further suggest heterogeneous hydration among the self-assembly domains. The ultrafast nature and meso- and microscopic ordering of H-bond dynamics could contribute to the flexibility and crystallinity of the material––two critically important factors for crystalline lattice self-assemblies––shedding light on engineering intermolecular interactions for self-assembled lattice materials.

     
    more » « less
  2. Abstract

    Dynamic bonds introduce unique properties such as self‐healing, recyclability, shape memory, and malleability to polymers. Significant efforts have been made to synthesize a variety of dynamic linkers, creating a diverse library of materials. In addition to the development of new dynamic chemistries, fine‐tuning of dynamic bonds has emerged as a technique to modulate dynamic properties. This Review highlights approaches for controlling the timescales of dynamic bonds in polymers. Particularly, eight dynamic bonds are considered, including urea/urethanes, boronic esters, Thiol–Michael exchange, Diels–Alder adducts, transesterification, imine bonds, coordination bonds, and hydrogen bonding. This Review emphasizes how structural modifications and external factors have been used as tools to tune the dynamic character of materials. Finally, this Review proposes strategies for tailoring the timescales of dynamic bonds in polymer materials through both kinetic effects and modulating bond thermodynamics.

     
    more » « less
  3. Abstract

    Dynamic bonds introduce unique properties such as self‐healing, recyclability, shape memory, and malleability to polymers. Significant efforts have been made to synthesize a variety of dynamic linkers, creating a diverse library of materials. In addition to the development of new dynamic chemistries, fine‐tuning of dynamic bonds has emerged as a technique to modulate dynamic properties. This Review highlights approaches for controlling the timescales of dynamic bonds in polymers. Particularly, eight dynamic bonds are considered, including urea/urethanes, boronic esters, Thiol–Michael exchange, Diels–Alder adducts, transesterification, imine bonds, coordination bonds, and hydrogen bonding. This Review emphasizes how structural modifications and external factors have been used as tools to tune the dynamic character of materials. Finally, this Review proposes strategies for tailoring the timescales of dynamic bonds in polymer materials through both kinetic effects and modulating bond thermodynamics.

     
    more » « less
  4. Designing materials to have three unique but predictable thermal expansion axes represents a major challenge. Inorganic materials and hybrid frameworks tend to crystallize in high-symmetry space groups, which necessarily limits this by affording isotropic behavior. On the other hand, molecular organic materials tend to crystallize in lower-symmetry space groups, offering significant opportunity to achieve anisotropic properties. The challenge arises in self-assembling the organic components into a predictable arrangement to afford predictable thermal expansion properties. Here, we demonstrate a design strategy for engineering organic solid-state materials that exhibit anisotropic thermomechanical behaviors. Presented are a series of multicomponent solids wherein one component features a BODPIY core strategically decorated with orthogonal hydrogen- and halogen-bond donor groups. A series of size-matched halogen-bond acceptors are used as the second component in each solid. By matching the molecular dimensions with the interaction strength, we obtained good control over the anisotropic thermal expansion of the molecular materials. Moreover, using shape-size mimicry and propensity for molecular motion, a rare ternary molecular system that is isostructural to the two binary solids was successfully achieved. The diiodo-functionalized BODIPY core in this study has been previously used in photocatalysts, and halogen bonding was hypothesized as a driving force; here, we provide corroborating solution and solid-state evidence of intermolecular halogen bonding in multicomponent solids featuring a 2,6-diiodo BODIPY. 
    more » « less
  5. Abstract

    The extracellular matrix (ECM) has force‐responsive (i.e., mechanochemical) properties that enable adaptation to mechanical loading through changes in fibrous network structure and interfiber bonding. Imparting such properties into synthetic fibrous materials will allow reinforcement under mechanical load, the potential for material self‐adhesion, and the general mimicking of ECM. Multifiber hydrogel networks are developed through the electrospinning of multiple fibrous hydrogel populations, where fibers contain complementary chemical moieties (e.g., aldehyde and hydrazide groups) that form covalent bonds within minutes when brought into contact under mechanical load. These fiber interactions lead to microscale anisotropy, as well as increased material stiffness and plastic deformation. Macroscale structures (e.g., tubes and layered scaffolds) are fabricated from these materials through interfiber bonding and adhesion when placed into contact while maintaining a microscale fibrous architecture. The design principles for engineering plasticity described can be applied to numerous material systems to introduce unique properties, from textiles to biomedical applications.

     
    more » « less