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Abstract Aluminum (Al)‐bearing and iron (Fe)‐bearing minerals, especially short‐range‐ordered (SRO) phases, are thought to protect soil organic C (SOC). However, it remains methodologically challenging to assess the influence of Al vs. Fe minerals or metal complexes. Whereas SRO Al and Fe phases share some properties, Al dissolved by oxalate (Alox) often correlates stronger with SOC than Fe dissolved by oxalate (Feox) or citrate–dithionite (Fecd). To further evaluate these relationships, we analyzed a large North American soil dataset from the National Ecological Observatory Network. A strong relationship between Aloxand SOC (and weaker Feox‐SOC relationship) persisted even after excluding soils rich in SRO minerals (Andisols and Spodosols). Al dissolved by oxalate was strongly correlated with citrate–dithionite‐extractable Al (Alcd; slope = 0.92,R2 = .69), and discrepancies could be explained (R2 = .87) by greater dissolution of Al‐substituted Fe phases by citrate–dithionite and greater dissolution of aluminosilicates by oxalate. Aluminum dissolved by oxalate and Alcdwere both strong SOC predictors despite their differing relationships with silicon (Si). Al dissolved by oxalate and Sioxstrongly covaried (R2 = .79), but Alcdwas inconsistently related to Sicd(R2 = .18). Similar relationships of Aloxand Alcdwith SOC, despite differences in minerals extracted by oxalate and citrate–dithionite, suggest that Al‐OC complexes (as opposed to aluminosilicate or iron‐bearing minerals) were the best SOC predictor. This raises important questions: do Al‐OC complexes indicate protection from decomposition or simply reflect greater intensity of mineral weathering by organic acids; and, if the latter, then perhaps SOC input is driving Aloxand SOC correlations rather than Al phase composition or abundance.
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Climatic and Geochemical Controls on Soil Carbon at the Continental Scale: Interactions and Thresholds
Abstract Previous studies found conflicting results on the importance of temperature and precipitation versus geochemical variables for predicting soil organic carbon (SOC) concentrations and trends with depth, and most utilized linear statistical models. To reconcile the controversy, we used data from 2574 mineral horizons from 675 pits from National Ecological Observatory Network sites across North America, typically collected to 1 m depth. Climate was a fundamental predictor of SOC and played similarly important roles as some geochemical predictors. Yet, this only emerged in the generalized additive mixed model and random forest model and was obscured in the linear mixed model. Relationships between water availability and SOC were strongest in very dry ecosystems and SOC increased most strongly at mean annual temperature < 0°C. In all models, depth, oxalate‐extractable Al (Alox), pH, and exchangeable calcium plus exchangeable magnesium were important while silt + clay, oxalate‐extractable Fe (Feox), and vegetation type were weaker predictors. Climate and pH were independently related to SOC and also interacted with geochemical composition: Feoxand Aloxrelated more strongly to SOC in wet or cold climates. Most predictors had nonlinear threshold relationships with SOC, and a saturating response to increasing reactive metals indicates soils where SOC might be limited by C inputs. We observed a mostly constant relative importance of geochemical and climate predictors of SOC with increasing depth, challenging previous statements. Overall, our findings challenge the notion that climate is redundant after accounting for geochemistry and demonstrate that considering their nonlinearities and interactions improves spatial predictions of SOC.
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- PAR ID:
- 10449959
- Publisher / Repository:
- DOI PREFIX: 10.1029
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Global Biogeochemical Cycles
- Volume:
- 35
- Issue:
- 3
- ISSN:
- 0886-6236
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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