More Like this

1. Enhancing Acoustic Emission Characteristics in Pipe-Like Structures with Gradient-Index Phononic Crystal Lens

   https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14061552  

   Okudan, Gorkem; Danawe, Hrishikesh; Zhang, Lu; Ozevin, Didem; Tol, Serife (March 2021, Materials)

   null (Ed.)

   Phononic crystals have the ability to manipulate the propagation of elastic waves in solids by generating unique dispersion characteristics. They can modify the conventional behavior of wave spreading in isotropic materials, known as attenuation, which negatively influences the ability of acoustic emission method to detect active defects in long-range, pipe-like structures. In this study, pipe geometry is reconfigured by adding gradient-index (GRIN) phononic crystal lens to improve the propagation distance of waves released by active defects such as crack growth and leak. The sensing element is designed to form a ring around the pipe circumference to capture the plane wave with the improved amplitude. The GRIN lens is designed by a special gradient-index profile with varying height stubs adhesively bonded to the pipe surface. The performance of GRIN lens for improving the amplitude of localized sources is demonstrated with finite element numerical model using multiphysics software. Experiments are conducted using pencil lead break simulating crack growth, as well as an orifice with pressured pipe simulating leak. The amplitude of the burst-type signal approximately doubles on average, validating the numerical findings. Hence, the axial distance between sensors can be increased proportionally in the passive sensing of defects in pipe-like geometries. 

   more » « less
2. Overcoming the tradeoff between confinement and focal distance using virtual ultrasonic optical waveguides

   https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.404986  

   Matteo Giuseppe Scopelliti, Hengji Huang (November 2020, Optics express)

   A conventional optical lens can be used to focus light into the target medium from outside, without disturbing the medium. The focused spot size is proportional to the focal distance in a conventional lens, resulting in a tradeoff between penetration depth in the target medium and spatial resolution. We have shown that virtual ultrasonically sculpted gradient-index (GRIN) optical waveguides can be formed in the target medium to steer light without disturbing the medium. Here, we demonstrate that such virtual waveguides can relay an externally focused Gaussian beam of light through the medium beyond the focal distance of a single external physical lens, to extend the penetration depth without compromising the spot size. Moreover, the spot size can be tuned by reconfiguring the virtual waveguide. We show that these virtual GRIN waveguides can be formed in transparent and turbid media, to enhance the confinement and contrast ratio of the focused beam of light at the target location. This method can be extended to realize complex optical systems of external physical lenses and in situ virtual waveguides, to extend the reach and flexibility of optical methods. 

   more » « less
3. Gradient Index Metasurface Lens for Microwave Imaging

   https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218319  

   Datta, Srijan; Tamburrino, Antonello; Udpa, Lalita (November 2022, Sensors)

   This paper presents the design, simulation and experimental validation of a gradient-index (GRIN) metasurface lens operating at 8 GHz for microwave imaging applications. The unit cell of the metasurface consists of an electric-LC (ELC) resonator. The effective refractive index of the metasurface is controlled by varying the capacitive gap at the center of the unit cell. This allows the design of a gradient index surface. A one-dimensional gradient index lens is designed and tested at first to describe the operational principle of such lenses. The design methodology is extended to a 2D gradient index lens for its potential application as a microwave imaging device. The metasurface lenses are designed and analyzed using full-wave finite element (FEM) solver. The proposed 2D lens has an aperture of size 119 mm (3.17λ) × 119 mm (3.17λ) and thickness of only 0.6 mm (0.016λ). Horn antenna is used as source of plane waves incident on the lens to evaluate the focusing performance. Field distributions of the theoretical designs and fabricated lenses are analyzed and are shown to be in good agreement. A microwave nondestructive evaluation (NDE) experiment is performed with the 2D prototype lens to image a machined groove in a Teflon sample placed at the focal plane of the lens. 

   more » « less
4. A Stochastic Multi-Rate Control Framework For Modeling Distributed Optimization Algorithms

   Xinwei Zhang, Mingyi Hong (July 2022, International Conference on Machine Learning)

   In modern machine learning systems, distributed algorithms are deployed across applications to ensure data privacy and optimal utilization of computational resources. This work offers a fresh perspective to model, analyze, and design distributed optimization algorithms through the lens of stochastic multi-rate feedback control. We show that a substantial class of distributed algorithms—including popular Gradient Tracking for decentralized learning, and FedPD and Scaffold for federated learning—can be modeled as a certain discrete-time stochastic feedback-control system, possibly with multiple sampling rates. This key observation allows us to develop a generic framework to analyze the convergence of the entire algorithm class. It also enables one to easily add desirable features such as differential privacy guarantees, or to deal with practical settings such as partial agent participation, communication compression, and imperfect communication in algorithm design and analysis. 

   more » « less
5. Miniscope Recording of Calcium Transients in Hippocampal CA1 in Mice Navigating an Odor Plume

   https://doi.org/10.3791/67039  

   Simoes_de_Souza, Fabio M; Williamson, Ryan; McCullough, Connor; Teel, Alec; Futia, Gregory; Ma, Ming; True, Aaron; Crimaldi, John P; Gibson, Emily; Restrepo, Diego (September 2024, Journal of Visualized Experiments)

   Mice navigate an odor plume with a complex spatiotemporal structure in the dark to find the source of odorants. This article describes a protocol to monitor behavior and record Ca2+ transients in dorsal CA1 stratum pyramidale neurons in hippocampus (dCA1) in mice navigating an odor plume in a 50 cm x 50 cm x 25 cm odor arena. An epifluorescence miniscope focused through a GRIN lens imaged Ca2+ transients in dCA1 neurons expressing the calcium sensor GCaMP6f in Thy1-GCaMP6f mice. The paper describes the behavioral protocol to train the mice to perform this odor plume navigation task in an automated odor arena. The methods include a step-by-step procedure for the surgery for GRIN lens implantation and baseplate placement for imaging GCaMP6f in CA1. The article provides information on real-time tracking of the mouse position to automate the start of the trials and delivery of a sugar water reward. In addition, the protocol includes information on using of an interface board to synchronize metadata describing the automation of the odor navigation task and frame times for the miniscope and a digital camera tracking mouse position. Moreover, the methods delineate the pipeline used to process GCaMP6f fluorescence movies by motion correction using NorMCorre followed by identification of regions of interest with EXTRACT. Finally, the paper describes an artificial neural network approach to decode spatial paths from CA1 neural ensemble activity to predict mouse navigation of the odor plume. 

   more » « less