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1. Translational research: from basic research to regional biomedical entrepreneurship

   https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-022-00676-9  

   Park, Sang-Min; Vonortas, Nicholas S. (August 2022, Small Business Economics)

   This paper examines the effect of translational research on knowledge production and biomedical entrepreneurship across U.S. regions. Researchers have earlier investigated the outputs of translational research by focusing on academic publications. Little attention has been paid to linking translational research to biomedical entrepreneurship. We construct an analytical model based on the knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship and the entrepreneurial ecosystem approach to examine the relationship between translational research, biomedical patents, clinical trials, and biomedical entrepreneurship. We test the model across 381 U.S. metropolitan statistical areas using 10 years of panel data related to the NIH Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSA) program. CTSA appears to increase the number of biomedical patents and biomedical entrepreneurship as proxied by the NIH Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) grants. However, the magnitudes of the effects are relatively small. Path analysis shows that the effect of translational research on regional biomedical entrepreneurship is not strongly conveyed through biomedical patents or clinical trials. 

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2. Postdoctoral Fellowship Boosts Underrepresented Entrepreneurs

   Ivanitzki, T.; Johnson, R. (January 2021, Prism)

   Miller, E. (Ed.)

   On the list of racial and ethnic injustices requiring attention in the U.S., venture capital funding is probably not top-of-mind for many. But it is an area needing reform in order to diversify the leadership of companies fueling innovation in the country. Hispanic or Black entrepreneurs receive just 1 percent of venture capital, according to former administrator of the Small Business Administration Maria Contreras-Sweet. “Does anyone honestly believe these communities are the source of just 1 percent of our best business ideas?”. To expand overall entrepreneurship, accelerate innovation, and increase the participation of underrepresented groups in new startup research and high-tech entrepreneurship, the National Science Foundation selected ASEE to manage the Innovative Postdoctoral Entrepreneurial Research Fellowship (IPERF) program in 2019. The goals: emphasize the professional development of underrepresented research Fellows, advance best practices in postdoctoral programs, and expand the participation of underrepresented scholars in innovative research and technology entrepreneurship 

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3. What do you think when you see the word Entrepreneurial?

   Ivanitzki, T; Mekonnen, E (February 2025, Proceedings of the 2025 Conference for Industry and Education Collaboration Copyright ©2025, American Society for Engineering Education)

   When considering the many underserved communities and instances of ethnic injustice that require attention in the U.S., venture capital funding might not immediately come to mind. However, Hispanic and Black entrepreneurs receive only a minuscule portion of venture capital, which is drastically out of sync with their representation in the population. Despite differences in gender and education, 77% of venture fund recipients are White, while only 1% are African American [1]. The 2013 SBA Annual Report revealed that while there was some progress, only 15% of this funding went to women and underserved minority groups [2], despite these groups making up approximately 50% of the U.S. population. The private sector reflects a similar imbalance. According to a 2019 report by Diversity VC [1], a nonprofit promoting diversity in Venture Capital (VC), a comprehensive survey of around 10,000 founders who received venture capital revealed that only 9% were women, and just 1% were Black. This disparity is especially pronounced in the growing sectors of transdisciplinary startups—such as bioenergy, biotechnology, and nanomedical technologies—where cross-disciplinary expertise is becoming increasingly crucial. Entrepreneurs in these fields often face significant obstacles in securing adequate support, a problem that persists even as U.S. innovation contends with unprecedented global competition. This trend prompted Congress to allow eligible agencies to allocate 3% of their small business budgets to support underserved groups, as part of the SBIR/STTR Reauthorization Act of 2011. Consequently, several other agencies have begun using these funds to reach underserved communities. To ensure that the U.S. remains a world leader in R&D, besides SBA and a few other agencies, the National Science Foundation (NSF) launched the Innovative Postdoctoral Entrepreneurial Research Fellowship (IPERF) program. IPERF facilitates the professional development of Black, Hispanic, and female research fellows, typically underrepresented in STEM fields, by offering them invaluable experience within technology start-ups. The program’s goal is to enhance diversity in the high-tech start-up and entrepreneurial landscapes and improve opportunities for underserved groups. Meanwhile, interdisciplinary high-tech startups are growing exponentially, the biotechnology companies within IPERF make up nearly 40% of the IPERF companies. A longitudinal survey of 60 IPERF fellows who left the program between one and four years ago showed that 35% of them were hired by their host companies, still 25 % were working at those startups after three years. Most of the other fellows found jobs within the industry labs (30%) or other startup companies (10%). 

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4. Unlocking Innovation: Empowering Underrepresented Entrepreneurs in Interdisciplinary Engineering Technology

   Ivanitzki, T; Mekonnen, E (February 2025, Collaborative Network for Engineering & Communication Diversity (CoNECD), by American Society for Engineering Education, ASEE, San Antonio, TX, 45156)

   In the realm of unaddressed ethnic disparities in the United States, the issue of venture capital funding is often overlooked. Despite their significant presence in the population, Hispanic and Black entrepreneurs receive only a fraction of venture capital investment, which is a stark contrast to their demographic representation. A staggering 77% of venture capital recipients are White, 9% women, and nearly 2% Latino, leaving just a minuscule 1% for African American entrepreneurs (remaining were Asians and Middle Easterners), regardless of their gender or educational qualifications [1]. Multiple sources claim an even higher population than 80% of White and approx. 1% Black [9, 10, 11, 12, 13]. This discrepancy is particularly evident in STEM and the burgeoning field of transdisciplinary startups like biotechnology, where interdisciplinary knowledge is increasingly crucial. Consequently, emerging entrepreneurs in these sectors frequently face obstacles in accessing adequate support, a challenge that persists into the 21st century amid fierce global competition for innovation leadership. Recognizing this trend, Congress authorized eligible agencies under the SBIR/STTR Reauthorization Act of 2011 to allocate 3% of their small business grant budget to support underserved groups [2]. Consequently, several other agencies began utilizing this fund to reach out to those communities. To maintain its position as a global leader in Research and Development (R&D), alongside the SBA the National Science Foundation (NSF) initiated the Innovative Postdoctoral Entrepreneurial Research Fellowship (IPERF) program. Designed to address the underrepresented researchers in STEM fields, IPERF offers these fellows invaluable experience within technology startups to bolster their professional development and give them valuable tools in the entrepreneurship area, as well as for the authors to create new knowledge about postdoctoral STEM entrepreneurship which might be reused at university levels in the future. The program aims to enrich diversity within the STEM high-tech startups and entrepreneurial spheres, thereby enhancing opportunities for marginalized groups. As interdisciplinary high-tech startups (nearly 70% of them) experience exponential growth, biotechnology companies within IPERF constitute nearly 40% of its participant companies. This paper presents part of the results, focusing on fellows post-IPERF time, i.e., longevity findings, and rapidly growing interdisciplinarity of the high-tech startups. A longitudinal study involving 60 fellows who completed the program over one to four years ago revealed that while the host companies hired 35% at the beginning, 25% still remained at various startup businesses after three years, and the majority (50%) transitioned into roles within industry labs. Through IPERF, highly educated yet primarily theoretical fellows gain hands-on experience in the intricacies of entrepreneurship, with the option to either continue with the current company or embark on their entrepreneurial ventures following the high-tech internship. This practical education not only benefits the fellows themselves but also contributes to the broader objective of diversifying startup leadership in the United States. 

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5. Inclusion of Underrepresented Entrepreneurial-minded Postdocs in High-tech Startups Increases U.S. Competitiveness

   https://doi.org/10.34297  

   Ivanitzki, T; Johnson, R; Levitin, R. (October 2021, American journal of biomedical science research)

   null (Ed.)

   Studies have shown that in the U.S., Black, Hispanic, and women entrepreneurs are given a tiny fraction of venture capital funding, which is vastly disproportionate to their representation in the population. This investment discrepancy is not only socially unjust, but it also deprives the U.S. of the advantages in innovation and global competitiveness that could stem from increasing the participation of these groups in innovative sectors. This is particularly true within transdisciplinary startups, including those focused on smart energy, biomedical, and nanomedical technologies, all of which require cross-disciplinary experts. Every new enterprise in these fields experiences challenges in finding adequate support. These challenges exist at a time in the 21st century when U.S. innovation is facing unprecedented pressures in competition for primacy. In 1960, U.S. R&D expenditure for defense and private industries was approximately 69 percent of global spending on R&D [1]; whereas in 2016, the U.S. share of global R&D expenditure had decreased to just 28 percent [2], due to China’s substantial advances in R&D. If this trend continues, both China’s GDP and R&D expenditure measured by GDP will outperform those of the U.S. by 2030 [3]. To ensure that the U.S. remains a world leader in R&D, the National Science Foundation (NSF) launched the Innovative Postdoctoral Entrepreneurial Research Fellowship (I-PERF) program. I-PERF facilitates the professional development of Black, Hispanic and female research fellows, who are typically underrepresented within STEM fields, by offering them invaluable experience within research and technology companies. The program’s goal is to enhance diversity in the startup and entrepreneurial landscapes, improve opportunities for researchers from underserved groups, and increase the number of highly competent entrepreneurs within the U.S. STEM community. The startup companies involved in the program, which are also supported by the NSF, comprise a variety of new, mixed STEM fields that were unknown just a few decades ago. 

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