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In Hawaiʻi, tsunamis are often described in orally transmitted legends (moʻolelo). This study examines sedimentary evidence of a possible local submarine landslide-generated tsunami, described in a legend from the south east coast of Maui which originated between the 15th Century CE and the first arrival of Europeans in 1778 CE. Physical evidence for a tsunami, found at the Nu’u Refuge, Maui, is primarily comprised of an extensive coral clast deposit (found 8.5 m above msl and 251 m inland from the shoreline) together with waterworn cobbles which form fracture-embedded wedge clasts in a local basalt escarpment (at up to 8 m above msl). U/Th dating of the coral clasts gives a maximum tsunami deposit age of 1671 CE for the event that may have inspired the local moʻolelo. This depositional sequence is used to characterize the nature of the assumed tsunami in terms of inundation distance, maximum wave runup and minimum flow velocities. A numerical model developed using GeoClaw matches well with the physical evidence. The data and modeling presented here suggest that locallygenerated tsunamis from submarine landslides warrant further research attention as sources of destructive high energy marine inundation events.
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Evidence for a mid-Holocene tsunami deposit along the Andaman coast of Thailand preserved in a mangrove environment
Klong Thap Lamu, a large mangrove-fringed tidal channel along the northern Andaman Coast of Thailand, provides an ideal location to test the hypothesis that a paleotsunami record can be preserved in the sediments of a mangrove forest. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami destroyed local swaths of mangrove forest with highly variable widths — up to 300 m. Left in the wake of the tsunami is a thin mantling of laterally discontinuous sand, macerated shells, and localized coral rubble that is being mixed rapidly into the underlying mangrove peat. Transects across the channel's tsunami-modified shore show that the sand layer thins abruptly at the border of the undisturbed mangroves, suggesting that the energy of the wave dissipated quickly as it entered the forest. The distribution and sedimentology of the 2004 tsunami deposit (Unit tI) suggest that any paleotsunami deposit within this mangrove environment should be spatially restricted and thoroughly bioturbated. Sediment cores collected from within the 2004 tsunami zone penetrate a buried coral-shell peat unit (Unit tIII) that tapers inland. Unit tIII is strikingly similar to Unit tI, except for Unit tIII's diffuse sedimentology, which we attribute to extensive bioturbation. Unit tIII also cross-cuts an identified facies boundary that is traceable across the width of the 2004 tsunami zone. Rather than a facies boundary associated with the regional early-to-late Holocene sea level regression, stratigraphic correlations suggest that Unit tIII represents an event horizon (i.e. tsunami). AMS 14C dates on material from within Unit tIII combined with an upper bracketing age suggest that the tsunami event occurred sometime between 2720 and 4290 cy BP. If correct, this tsunami predates the 3–4 tsunami events recognized to the north at Koh Phra Thong. Unit tIII is, however, a potential far-field equivalent of a recently recognized paleotsunami deposit on the southwestern Indian coast ca. 3,710 years before present (Nair et al., 2010).
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- Award ID(s):
- 0605328
- PAR ID:
- 10469667
- Publisher / Repository:
- Elsevier B.V.
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Marine Geology
- Volume:
- 282
- Issue:
- 3-4
- ISSN:
- 0025-3227
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 255 to 267
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2011.03.003
