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1. Reflected path enhanced absorbance in an integrated photonic sensor

   https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2664033  

   Shen, Jianhao ; Donnelly, Daniel ; Chakravarty, Swapnajit ( June 2023 , Proceedings of the SPIE)

   Sanders, Glen A. ; Lieberman, Robert A. ; Udd Scheel, Ingrid (Ed.)

   Evanescent wave sensors in photonic integrated circuits have been demonstrated for gas sensing applications. While some methods rely on the distinctive response of certain polymers for sensing specific gases, absorption spectroscopy identifies any gas uniquely from their unique vibration signatures. Based on the Beer-Lambert principle, the sensitivity of absorption by a gas on chip relies on the length of the sensing region, the optical overlap integral with the analyte gas and the absorption cross-section at the wavelength with the fundamental vibration signature. The overlap of the optical mode with the analyte has been enhanced in photonic devices by combining slot waveguide confinements with photonic crystal slow light effects. While the absorption cross-section is a property of the gas, the length of the sensing region is limited by the available area on a chip and waveguide propagation losses that limit the minimum signal to noise ratio. In this paper, we show that by incorporating reflecting loop mirrors, the absorption path length can be doubled for the same geometric length of the absorption sensing waveguide. Light from a waveguide is split into two paths, each with a slow light photonic crystal waveguide, by a 2×2 multimode interference (MMI) power splitter. Each path is terminated by a loop mirror that causes the light to retrace its path back down the sensing arms thereby doubling the optical path length over which light interacts with the analyte. Results on the enhancement of phase sensitivity and absorbance sensitivity in the interferometric configuration are presented 

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2. InGaAs Membrane Waveguide: A Promising Platform for Monolithic Integrated Mid-Infrared Optical Gas Sensor

   Kyoung Min Yoo, Jason Midkiff ( March 2020 , ACS sensors)

   Mid-infrared (mid-IR) absorption spectroscopy based on integrated photonic circuits has shown great promise in trace-gas sensing applications in which the mid-IR radiation directly interacts with the targeted analyte. In this paper, considering monolithic integrated circuits with quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) and quantum cascade detectors (QCDs), the InGaAs−InP platform is chosen to fabricate passive waveguide gas sensing devices. Fully suspended InGaAs waveguide devices with holey photonic crystal waveguides (HPCWs) and subwavelength grating cladding waveguides (SWWs) are designed and fabricated for mid-infrared sensing at λ = 6.15 μm in the low-index contrast InGaAs−InP platform. We experimentally detect 5 ppm ammonia with a 1 mm long suspended HPCW and separately with a 3 mm long suspended SWW, with propagation losses of 39.1 and 4.1 dB/cm, respectively. Furthermore, based on the Beer−Lambert infrared absorption law and the experimental results of discrete components, we estimated the minimum detectable gas concentration of 84 ppb from a QCL/QCD integrated SWW sensor. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of suspended InGaAs membrane waveguides in the InGaAs−InP platform at such a long wavelength with gas sensing results. Also, this result emphasizes the advantage of SWWs to reduce the total transmission loss and the size of the fully integrated device’s footprint by virtue of its low propagation loss and TM mode compatibility in comparison to HPCWs. This study enables the possibility of monolithic integration of quantum cascade devices with TM polarized characteristics and passive waveguide sensing devices for on-chip mid-IR absorption spectroscopy. 

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3. Integrated photonic slow light Michelson interferometer bio sensor

   https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2650514  

   Shen, Jianhao ; Donnelly, Daniel ; Chakravarty, Swapnajit ( March 2023 , Proceedings of SPIE)

   García-Blanco, Sonia M. ; Cheben, Pavel (Ed.)

   Diverse chip-based sensors utilizing integrated silicon photonics have been demonstrated in resonator and phase shifter/interferometer configurations. Till date, interferometric techniques with the Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) and Young’s interferometer have shown the lowest mass detection limits (in pg/mm2). Slow light in photonic crystal waveguides integrated with MZIs enables compact geometries due to enhanced optical path lengths as light propagates with high group index. In a typical MZI, light propagating in the signal arm overlaps with analytes and undergo a relative phase change with respect to the light in the reference arm which leads to measured output intensity changes. In this paper, using integrated photonic methods, we demonstrate a slow light enhanced Michelson interferometer (MI) biosensor, wherein the reference and signal arms are traversed twice by the propagating optical mode. As a result, the analyte interaction length is effectively doubled since the propagating optical mode undergoes twice the phase shift as would be observed in a MZI. In an asymmetric MI configuration, the resultant doubling of the phase shift is observed as a doubling of the resonance wavelength shift for a fixed change in the analyte concentration. The device sensitivity is thus doubled with respect to a conventional MZI while also effectively halving the geometric length compared to the MZI sensor 

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4. High-sensitivity nanophotonic sensors with passive trapping of analyte molecules in hot spots

   https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-020-00449-7  

   Miao, Xianglong ; Yan, Lingyue ; Wu, Yun ; Liu, Peter Q. ( January 2021 , Light: Science & Applications)

   Nanophotonic resonators can confine light to deep-subwavelength volumes with highly enhanced near-field intensity and therefore are widely used for surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy in various molecular sensing applications. The enhanced signal is mainly contributed by molecules in photonic hot spots, which are regions of a nanophotonic structure with high-field intensity. Therefore, delivery of the majority of, if not all, analyte molecules to hot spots is crucial for fully utilizing the sensing capability of an optical sensor. However, for most optical sensors, simple and straightforward methods of introducing an aqueous analyte to the device, such as applying droplets or spin-coating, cannot achieve targeted delivery of analyte molecules to hot spots. Instead, analyte molecules are usually distributed across the entire device surface, so the majority of the molecules do not experience enhanced field intensity. Here, we present a nanophotonic sensor design with passive molecule trapping functionality. When an analyte solution droplet is introduced to the sensor surface and gradually evaporates, the device structure can effectively trap most precipitated analyte molecules in its hot spots, significantly enhancing the sensor spectral response and sensitivity performance. Specifically, our sensors produce a reflection change of a few percentage points in response to trace amounts of the amino-acid proline or glucose precipitate with a picogram-level mass, which is significantly less than the mass of a molecular monolayer covering the same measurement area. The demonstrated strategy for designing optical sensor structures may also be applied to sensing nano-particles such as exosomes, viruses, and quantum dots.

    

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5. Waveguide-integrated mid-infrared photodetection using graphene on a scalable chalcogenide glass platform

   https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-31607-7  

   Goldstein, Jordan ; Lin, Hongtao ; Deckoff-Jones, Skylar ; Hempel, Marek ; Lu, Ang-Yu ; Richardson, Kathleen A. ; Palacios, Tomás ; Kong, Jing ; Hu, Juejun ; Englund, Dirk ( July 2022 , Nature Communications)

   The development of compact and fieldable mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectroscopy devices represents a critical challenge for distributed sensing with applications from gas leak detection to environmental monitoring. Recent work has focused on mid-IR photonic integrated circuit (PIC) sensing platforms and waveguide-integrated mid-IR light sources and detectors based on semiconductors such as PbTe, black phosphorus and tellurene. However, material bandgaps and reliance on SiO₂substrates limit operation to wavelengthsλ ≲ 4 μm. Here we overcome these challenges with a chalcogenide glass-on-CaF₂PIC architecture incorporating split-gate photothermoelectric graphene photodetectors. Our design extends operation toλ = 5.2 μm with a Johnson noise-limited noise-equivalent power of 1.1 nW/Hz^1/2, no fall-off in photoresponse up tof = 1 MHz, and a predicted 3-dB bandwidth off_3dB > 1 GHz. This mid-IR PIC platform readily extends to longer wavelengths and opens the door to applications from distributed gas sensing and portable dual comb spectroscopy to weather-resilient free space optical communications.

    

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