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1. Synthesis of 2-Arylpyrroles via an Optimized Palladium Coupling

   https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1775453  

   Mitchem, Gunner B; Odom, Aaron L (April 2025, Synthesis)

   Abstract Using response surface methods, we have re-optimized a palladium-catalyzed method for coupling ClZn(pyrrolide) with aryl bromides to selectively generate 2-arylpyrroles. We optimized based on four variables: temperature, ClZn(pyrrolide)/ArBr ratio, catalyst loading, and time. To find a protocol applicable to most substrates of interest, we optimized three different substrates: a bulky arene (mesityl bromide), an electron-rich arene [4-(NMe2)C6H4Br], and an electron-deficient arene [3,5-(CF3)2C6H3Br]. The re-optimized procedures give as good or better yields than the previously published protocols, always in a fraction of the time. In addition, the reactions are generally cleaner with the new conditions, especially with electron-rich substrates, making the products easier to isolate. We applied the conditions to a variety of different substrates in each category, which provided good to excellent isolated yields. 

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2. An optimized transient detection pipeline for the ASKAP Variables and Slow Transients (VAST) survey

   https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad2809  

   An, Tao; Lao, Baoqiang; Xu, Zhijun; Lu, Shuoying; Wang, Yuanming; Murphy, Tara; Kaplan, David L; Guo, Shaoguang (September 2023, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society)

   ABSTRACT In this paper, we present an optimized version of the detection pipeline for the ASKAP Variables and Slow Transients (VAST) survey, offering significant performance improvement. The key to this optimization is the replacement of the original w-projection algorithm integrated in the Common Astronomy Software Applications package with the w-stacking algorithm implemented in the WSClean software. Our experiments demonstrate that this optimization improves the overall processing efficiency of the pipeline by approximately a factor of 3. Moreover, the residual images generated by the optimized pipeline exhibit lower noise levels and fewer artefact sources, suggesting that our optimized pipeline not only enhances detection accuracy but also improves imaging fidelity. This optimized VAST detection pipeline is integrated into the Data Activated Liu Graph Engine (DALiuGE) execution framework, specifically designed for SKA-scale big data processing. Experimental results show that the performance and scalability advantages of the pipeline using DALiuGE over traditional MPI or BASH techniques increase with the data size. In summary, the optimized transient detection pipeline significantly reduces runtime, increases operational efficiency, and decreases implementation costs, offering a practical optimization solution for other ASKAP imaging pipelines as well. 

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3. Expanded application to plant reproductive tissues of a branched DNA probe‐based in situ hybridization method

   https://doi.org/10.1002/aps3.70020  

   Anaya, Brooklyn M; Nguyen, Austin T; Matsunaga, Kelly_K S; Hileman, Lena C (August 2025, Applications in Plant Sciences)

   Abstract PremiseDetecting clear tissue‐ and organ‐specific patterns of gene expression is key to understanding the genetic mechanisms that control plant development. In situ hybridization (ISH) of mRNA is one of the most precise, yet most challenging approaches to gene expression assays. Methods and ResultsDetection of histone H4 expression in reproductive tissues ofMimulus lewisii, a model angiosperm, was optimized using the RNAscope ISH assay. The optimized protocol was used to detect histone H4 expression in reproductive tissues of two gymnosperm species,Taxodium distichumandJuniperus virginiana, without further need for species‐specific optimization. Additionally, the optimized protocol was used to detect expression ofCYCLOIDEAtranscription factors inM. lewisiireproductive tissues without further optimization and with results similar to those previously reported. ConclusionsThe RNAscope assay can quickly and sensitively generate high‐quality ISH results in reproductive tissues across a breadth of plant species. 

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4. Inverse-designed broadband low-loss grating coupler on thick lithium-niobate-on-insulator platform

   https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0184413  

   Xie, Yijun; Nie, Mingming; Huang, Shu-Wei (January 2024, Applied Physics Letters)

   A grating coupler on 700-nm-thick Z-cut lithium-niobate-on-insulator platform with high coupling efficiency, large bandwidth, and high fabrication tolerance is designed and optimized by inverse design method. The optimized grating coupler is fabricated with a single set of e-beam lithography and etching process, and it is experimentally characterized to possess peak coupling efficiency of −3.8 dB at 1574.93 nm, 1 dB bandwidth of 71.7 nm, and 3 dB bandwidth of over 120 nm, respectively. 

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5. AI-designed RF pulses enable fast pulsing heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence NMR experiment at high and ultra-high magnetic fields

   https://doi.org/10.1039/D3CC05370A  

   Subrahmanian, Manu Veliparambil; Veglia, Gianluigi (February 2024, Chemical Communications)

   Professor Tian Yang (Ed.)

   An artificial intelligence optimized NMR sequence enables to perform rapid heteronuclear 2D spectroscopy at ultra-high magnetic fields. 

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