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Abstract Seedling recruitment is an important mode of establishment utilized by many invasive plants. In widespread invasive plants, regional variation in the rates of seedling recruitment can contribute to differences in invasion intensity across regions. In this study, we examined regional variation in reproductive traits and seedling performance in a cosmopolitan invasive wetland grass,Phragmites australis. We tested whether nitrogen levels and regions with different histories and intensities of invasion would affect reproductive traits and seedling performance. We sampled invasivePhragmitesinflorescences from 34 populations across three regions in North America: The Northeast (old, most intense invasion), the Midwest (recent, intense invasion), and Southeast (recent, sparse invasion). We hypothesized that NortheastPhragmitespopulations would have the highest reproductive output and seedling performance, and that populations experiencing high nitrogen pollution would have higher reproductive output and seedling performance under high nitrogen conditions. We found that populations in the Northeast had the highest inflorescence mass, as expected. We also found that despite sparse distribution ofPhragmitesin the Southeast, populations from the Southeast displayed a high potential for sexual reproduction. However, increasing watershed-level nitrogen (kg/km2) decreased percent seed germination in Southeastern populations, suggesting that Southeastern populations are sensitive to rising nitrogen levels. While elevated nitrogen improved seedling performance through increased belowground growth in SoutheasternPhragmitesseedlings, elevated nitrogen decreased belowground growth in Midwestern seedlings. These results suggest that the southeastern region of North America may be primed to become an emergent invasion front ofPhragmites, warranting more research into the possible management ofPhragmitesspread in the region.
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Effects of maternal source and progeny microhabitat on natural selection and population dynamics in Alliaria petiolata
PremiseThe success or failure of propagules in contrasting microhabitats may play a role in biological invasion. We tested for variation in demographic performance and phenotypic trait expression during invasion byAlliaria petiolatain different microhabitats. MethodsWe performed a reciprocal transplant experiment withAlliaria petiolatafrom edge, intermediate, and forest understory microhabitats to determine the roles of the environment and maternal source on traits, fecundity, population growth rates (λ), and selection. ResultsObservations ofin situpopulations show that edge populations had the highest density and reproductive output, and forest populations had the lowest. In experimental populations, population growth rates and reproductive output were highest in the edge, and the intermediate habitat had the lowest germination and juvenile survival. Traits exhibited phenotypic plasticity in response to microhabitat, but that plasticity was not adaptive. There were few effects of maternal source location on fitness components or traits. ConclusionsAlliaria petiolataappears to be viable, or nearly so, in all three microhabitat types, with edge populations likely providing seed to the other microhabitats. The intermediate microhabitat may filter propagules at the seed stage, but discrepancies betweenin situobservations and experimental transplants preclude clear conclusions about the role of each microhabitat in niche expansion. However, edge microhabitats show the highest seed output in both analyses, suggesting that managing edge habitats might reduce spread to the forest understory.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1832210
- PAR ID:
- 10486592
- Publisher / Repository:
- American Journal of Botany
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- American Journal of Botany
- Volume:
- 106
- Issue:
- 6
- ISSN:
- 0002-9122
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 821 to 832
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1299
