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AbstractThe relative effectiveness of reflection either through student generation of contrasting cases or through provided contrasting cases is not well‐established for adult learners. This paper presents a classroom study to investigate this comparison in a college level Computer Science (CS) course where groups of students worked collaboratively to design database access strategies. Forty‐four teams were randomly assigned to three reflection conditions ([GEN] directive to generate a contrasting case to the student solution and evaluate their trade‐offs in light of the principle, [CONT] directive to compare the student solution with a provided contrasting case and evaluate their trade‐offs in light of a principle, and [NSI] a control condition with a non‐specific directive for reflection evaluating the student solution in light of a principle). In the CONT condition, as an illustration of the use of LLMs to exemplify knowledge transformation beyond knowledge construction in the generation of an automated contribution to a collaborative learning discussion, an LLM generated a contrasting case to a group's solution to exemplify application of an alternative problem solving strategy in a way that highlighted the contrast by keeping many concrete details the same as those the group had most recently collaboratively constructed. While there was no main effect of condition on learning based on a content test, low‐pretest student learned more from CONT than GEN, with NSI not distinguishable from the other two, while high‐pretest students learned marginally more from the GEN condition than the CONT condition, with NSI not distinguishable from the other two. Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topicReflection during or even in place of computer programming is beneficial for learning of principles for advanced computer science when the principles are new to students.Generation of contrasting cases and comparing contrasting cases have both been demonstrated to be effective as opportunities to learn from reflection in some contexts, though questions remain about ideal applicability conditions for adult learners.Intelligent conversational agents can be used effectively to deliver stimuli for reflection during collaborative learning, though room for improvement remains, which provides an opportunity to demonstrate the potential positive contribution of large language models (LLMs).What this paper addsThe study contributes new knowledge related to the differences in applicability conditions between generation of contrasting cases and comparison across provided contrasting cases for adult learning.The paper presents an application of LLMs as a tool to provide contrasting cases tailored to the details of actual student solutions.The study provides evidence from a classroom intervention study for positive impact on student learning of an LLM‐enabled intervention.Implications for practice and/or policyAdvanced computer science curricula should make substantial room for reflection alongside problem solving.Instructors should provide reflection opportunities for students tailored to their level of prior knowledge.Instructors would benefit from training to use LLMs as tools for providing effective contrasting cases, especially for low‐prior‐knowledge students.
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Observing a Seismic Cycle at Sea
Scientists organized a trio of expeditions to document the buildup of stress leading to a large earthquake on a seafloor fault, developing innovations for successful seagoing research in the process.
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- PAR ID:
- 10489172
- Publisher / Repository:
- Eos
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Eos
- Volume:
- 104
- ISSN:
- 2324-9250
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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Abstract Fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy (FFS) encompasses a bevy of techniques that involve analyzing fluorescence intensity fluctuations occurring due to fluorescently labeled molecules diffusing in and out of a microscope's focal region. Statistical analysis of these fluctuations may reveal the oligomerization (i.e., association) state of said molecules. We have recently developed a new FFS‐based method, termed Two‐Dimensional Fluorescence Intensity Fluctuation (2D FIF) spectrometry, which provides quantitative information on the size and stability of protein oligomers as a function of receptor concentration. This article describes protocols for employing FIF spectrometry to quantify the oligomerization of a membrane protein of interest, with specific instructions regarding cell preparation, image acquisition, and analysis of images given in detail. Application of the FIF Spectrometry Suite, a software package designed for applying FIF analysis on fluorescence images, is emphasized in the protocol. Also discussed in detail is the identification, removal, and/or analysis of inhomogeneous regions of the membrane that appear as bright spots. The 2D FIF approach is particularly suited to assess the effects of agonists and antagonists on the oligomeric size of membrane receptors of interest. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Preparation of live cells expressing protein constructs Basic Protocol 2: Image acquisition and noise correction Basic Protocol 3: Drawing and segmenting regions of interest Basic Protocol 4: Calculating the molecular brightness and concentration of individual image segments Basic Protocol 5: Combining data subsets using a manual procedure (Optional) Alternate Protocol 1: Combining data subsets using the advanced FIF spectrometry suite (Optional; alternative to Basic Protocol 5) Basic Protocol 6: Performing meta‐analysis of brightness spectrograms Alternate Protocol 2: Performing meta‐analysis of brightness spectrograms (alternative to Basic Protocol 6) Basic Protocol 7: Spot extraction and analysis using a manual procedure or by writing a program (Optional) Alternate Protocol 3: Automated spot extraction and analysis (Optional; alternative to Protocol 7) Support Protocol: Monomeric brightness determinationmore » « less
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Abstract We applied an integrative taxonomic framework to evaluate the systematics of the Neotropical Black-and-white Becard (Pachyramphus albogriseusSclater 1857). Combining phylogenomic (ultraconserved elements), morphological, and vocalization data, we confirmed that this species is polyphyletic; some individuals form a clade sister to P. polychopterus and should be afforded species rank as P. salviniRichmond 1899 (Slender-billed Becard), whereas the remaining subspecies of P. albogriseus (Broad-banded Becard) are sister to P. major. We found that P. salvini differs from P. albogriseus in song, color of the lores, wing-bar width, body size, and bill width. Whereas P. albogriseus occurs in montane forest in Costa Rica and Panama (ssp. ornatus) and along the eastern slope of the Andes from northern Venezuela to southern Peru (ssp. albogriseus), P. salvini is found in the lowlands from Pacific Colombia south to northwest Peru and in the Río Marañón drainage. The latter also occurs, possibly only seasonally, along the eastern slope of the Andes, where the two species’ ranges approach closely. We treat P. a. guayaquilensisZimmer 1936 as a junior synonym of P. salviniRichmond 1899, and P. a. coronatusPhelps and Phelps 1953 as a junior synonym of P. a. albogriseusSclater 1857. This study provides a striking example of a major problem for comparative biology: underestimated and mischaracterized diversity. We argue that there are likely many more cases like this awaiting discovery.more » « less
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The longitude, latitude, and label for grid points are provided in the file "loading_grid_lon_lat".Time series for each Geodetic Drought Index (GDI) time scale are provided within "GDI_time_series.zip".The included time scales are for 00- (daily), 1-, 3-, 6-, 12- 18- 24-, 36-, and 48-month GDI solutions.Files are formatted following...Title: "grid point label L****"_"time scale"_monthFile Format: ["decimal date" "GDI value"]Gridded, epoch-by-epoch, solutions for each time scale are provided within "GDI_grids.zip".Files are formatted following...Title: GDI_"decimal date"_"time scale"_monthFile Format: ["longitude" "latitude" "GDI value" "grid point label L****"]2.2 GEODETIC DROUGHT INDEX CALCULATION We develop the GDI following Vicente-Serrano et al. (2010) and Tang et al. (2023), such that the GDI mimics the derivation of the SPEI, and utilize the log-logistic distribution (further details below). 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This allows a characterization of the estimated loads for each day relative to all past/future loads near that day, in order to bolster the sample size and provide more robust parametric estimates [similar to Ford et al., (2016)]; this is a key difference between our GDI derivation and that presented by Tang et al. (2023). Figure 1d illustrates the representative distribution for 01 December of each year at the grid cell co-located with GPS station P349 for the daily TWS solution. Here all epochs between between 16 November and 16 December of each year (red dots), are compiled to form the distribution presented in Figure 1e. This approach allows inter-annual variability in the phase and amplitude of the signal to be retained (which is largely driven by variation in the hydrologic cycle), while removing the primary annual and semi-annual signals. 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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.1029/2023EO230076
