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In the Euclidean Steiner Tree problem, we are given as input a set of points (called terminals) in the $$\ell_2$$-metric space and the goal is to find the minimum-cost tree connecting them. Additional points (called Steiner points) from the space can be introduced as nodes in the solution. The seminal works of Arora [JACM'98] and Mitchell [SICOMP'99] provide a Polynomial Time Approximation Scheme (PTAS) for solving the Euclidean Steiner Tree problem in fixed dimensions. However, the problem remains poorly understood in higher dimensions (such as when the dimension is logarithmic in the number of terminals) and ruling out a PTAS for the problem in high dimensions is a notoriously long standing open problem (for example, see Trevisan [SICOMP'00]). Moreover, the explicit construction of optimal Steiner trees remains unknown for almost all well-studied high-dimensional point configurations. Furthermore, a vast majority the state-of-the-art structural results on (high-dimensional) Euclidean Steiner trees were established in the 1960s, with no noteworthy update in over half a century. In this paper, we revisit high-dimensional Euclidean Steiner trees, proving new structural results. We also establish a link between the computational hardness of the Euclidean Steiner Tree problem and understanding the optimal Steiner trees of regular simplices (and simplicial complexes), proposing several conjectures and showing that some of them suffice to resolve the status of the inapproximability of the Euclidean Steiner Tree problem. Motivated by this connection, we investigate optimal Steiner trees of regular simplices, proving new structural properties of their optimal Steiner trees, revisiting an old conjecture of Smith [Algorithmica'92] about their optimal topology, and providing the first explicit, general construction of candidate optimal Steiner trees for that topology.
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This content will become publicly available on January 20, 2026
On Approximability of Steiner Tree in $\ell_p$-metrics
In the Continuous Steiner Tree problem (CST), we are given as input a set of points (called terminals) in a metric space and ask for the minimum-cost tree connecting them. Additional points (called Steiner points) from the metric space can be introduced as nodes in the solution. In the Discrete Steiner Tree problem (DST), we are given in addition to the terminals, a set of facilities, and any solution tree connecting the terminals can only contain the Steiner points from this set of facilities. Trevisan [SICOMP'00] showed that CST and DST are APX-hard when the input lies in the $$\ell_1$$-metric (and Hamming metric). Chleb\'ik and Chleb\'ikov\'a [TCS'08] showed that DST is NP-hard to approximate to factor of $$96/95\approx 1.01$$ in the graph metric (and consequently $$\ell_\infty$$-metric). Prior to this work, it was unclear if CST and DST are APX-hard in essentially every other popular metric. In this work, we prove that DST is APX-hard in every $$\ell_p$$-metric. We also prove that CST is APX-hard in the $$\ell_{\infty}$$-metric. Finally, we relate CST and DST, showing a general reduction from CST to DST in $$\ell_p$$-metrics. Comment: Abstract shortened. Journal version for TheoretiCS
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- Award ID(s):
- 2150186
- PAR ID:
- 10492827
- Publisher / Repository:
- EPIsciences
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- TheoretiCS
- Volume:
- Volume 4
- ISSN:
- 2751-4838
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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