The para-N-pyridyl-based PCP pincer ligand 3,5-bis(di-tert-butylphosphinomethyl)-2,6-dimethylpyridine (pN-tBuPCP-H) was synthesized and metalated to give the iridium complex (pN tBuPCP)IrHCl (2-H). In marked contrast with its phenyl-based congeners (tBuPCP)IrHCl and derivatives, 2-H is highly air sensitive and reacts with oxidants such as ferrocenium, trityl cation, and benzoquinone. These oxidations ultimately lead to intramolecular activation of a phosphino-t-butyl C(sp3)-H bond and cyclometalation. Considering the greater electronegativity of N than C, 2-H is expected to be less easily oxidized than simple PCP derivatives; DFT calculations of direct one-electron oxidations are in good agreement with this expectation. However, 2-H is calculated to undergo metal-ligand-proton tautomerism (MLPT) to give an N-protonated complex that can be described with resonance forms representing a zwitterionic complex (negative charge on Ir) and a p-N-pyridylidene (remote NHC) Ir(I) complex. One-electron oxidation of this tautomer is calculated to be dramatically more favorable than direct oxidation of 2-H (G° = 31.3 kcal/mol). The resulting Ir(II) oxidation product is easily deprotonated to give metalloradical 2• which is observed by NMR spectroscopy. 2• can be further oxidized to give cationic Ir(III) complex, 2+, which can oxidatively add a phosphino-t butyl C-H bond, and undergo deprotonation to give the observed cyclometalated product. DFT calculations indicate that less sterically hindered complexes would preferentially undergo intermolecular addition of C(sp3)-H bonds, for example, of n alkanes. The resulting iridium alkyl complexes could undergo facile -H elimination to afford olefin, thereby completing a catalytic cycle for alkane dehydrogenation that is driven by one-electron oxidation and deprotonation, enabled by MLPT.
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C–H functionalization of indole with diazoacetate catalyzed by a CCC-NHC Ir (III) dimer complex
The first catalytic application of a CCC-NHC pincer Ir (III) dimer complex for the C – H functionalization of N-methylindoles with a-aryl-a-diazoacetates at the C-3 position is reported herein. The Ir pincer dimer complex was used as a catalyst at 3 mol% loading. The best reaction conditions involved a combination of catalyst and substrates in a specific order. It resulted in the activation of the C–H bond with the formation of a new C–C bond to generate a-aryl-a-indolyl acetates with more than 99% conversion at room temperature without requiring any additives. Isolated yields of 84–97% were obtained for a range of substrates. Under these catalytic conditions, the unprotected N–H indoles did not react with a-aryl-a-diazoacetate. These catalytic conditions provided an efficient synthetic route to the synthesis of a-aryl-a-indolyl acetates.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1827686
- PAR ID:
- 10493372
- Publisher / Repository:
- Elsevier Ltd.
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Tetrahedron Letters
- Volume:
- 125
- Issue:
- C
- ISSN:
- 0040-4039
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 154610
- Subject(s) / Keyword(s):
- Pincer complex C–C bond formation CCC-NHC C–H functionalization Catalysis N-heterocyclic carbene
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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