BACKGROUND The past decade has witnessed considerable progress toward the creation of new quantum technologies. Substantial advances in present leading qubit technologies, which are based on superconductors, semiconductors, trapped ions, or neutral atoms, will undoubtedly be made in the years ahead. Beyond these present technologies, there exist blueprints for topological qubits, which leverage fundamentally different physics for improved qubit performance. These qubits exploit the fact that quasiparticles of topological quantum states allow quantum information to be encoded and processed in a nonlocal manner, providing inherent protection against decoherence and potentially overcoming a major challenge of the present generation of qubits. Although still far from being experimentally realized, the potential benefits of this approach are evident. The inherent protection against decoherence implies better scalability, promising a considerable reduction in the number of qubits needed for error correction. Transcending possible technological applications, the underlying physics is rife with exciting concepts and challenges, including topological superconductors, non-abelian anyons such as Majorana zero modes (MZMs), and non-abelian quantum statistics. ADVANCES In a wide-ranging and ongoing effort, numerous potential material platforms are being explored that may realize the required topological quantum states. Non-abelian anyons were first predicted as quasiparticles of topological states known as fractional quantum Hall states, which are formed when electrons move in a plane subject to a strong perpendicular magnetic field. The prediction that hybrid materials that combine topological insulators and conventional superconductors can support localized MZMs, the simplest type of non-abelian anyon, brought entirely new material platforms into view. These include, among others, semiconductor-superconductor hybrids, magnetic adatoms on superconducting substrates, and Fe-based superconductors. One-dimensional systems are playing a particularly prominent role, with blueprints for quantum information applications being most developed for hybrid semiconductor-superconductor systems. There have been numerous attempts to observe non-abelian anyons in the laboratory. Several experimental efforts observed signatures that are consistent with some of the theoretical predictions for MZMs. A few extensively studied platforms were subjected to intense scrutiny and in-depth analyses of alternative interpretations, revealing a more complex reality than anticipated, with multiple possible interpretations of the data. Because advances in our understanding of a physical system often rely on discrepancies between experiment and theory, this has already led to an improved understanding of Majorana signatures; however, our ability to detect and manipulate non-abelian anyons such as MZMs remains in its infancy. Future work can build on improved materials in some of the existing platforms but may also exploit new materials such as van der Waals heterostructures, including twisted layers, which promise many new options for engineering topological phases of matter. OUTLOOK Experimentally establishing the existence of non-abelian anyons constitutes an outstandingly worthwhile goal, not only from the point of view of fundamental physics but also because of their potential applications. Future progress will be accelerated if claims of Majorana discoveries are based on experimental tests that go substantially beyond indicators such as zero-bias peaks that, at best, suggest consistency with a Majorana interpretation. It will be equally important that these discoveries build on an excellent understanding of the underlying material systems. Most likely, further material improvements of existing platforms and the exploration of new material platforms will both be important avenues for progress toward obtaining solid evidence for MZMs. Once that has been achieved, we can hope to explore—and harness—the fascinating physics of non-abelian anyons such as the topologically protected ground state manifold and non-abelian statistics. Proposed topological platforms. (Left) Proposed state of electrons in a high magnetic field (even-denominator fractional quantum Hall states) are predicted to host Majorana quasiparticles. (Right) Hybrid structures of superconductors and other materials have also been proposed to host such quasiparticles and can be tailored to create topological quantum bits based on Majoranas.
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This content will become publicly available on June 28, 2024
Quantum education: how to teach a subject that nobody fully understands
Quantum technologies are expected to be among the most transformational technologies of the twenty-first century, changing how we sense the world around us, approach security, and process critical information. Transitioning the industry from quantum research labs to the commercial environment requires a sizable workforce skilled in supporting Quantum 2.0. To achieve the goal of the entire quantum ecosystem, society at all levels needs to be aware of this emerging field and then be inspired, attracted, educated, and trained with the new quantum skills and competencies. This poses a challenge as quantum science is a difficult and counterintuitive subject. How is a subject such as quantum mechanics that, as the famous quantum scientist Richard Feynman once said, “nobody fully understands” to be taught?
In this presentation, we will share our experiences and results of EdQuantum, an NSF-funded project whose goal is to develop a curriculum to train future quantum technicians. The proposed curriculum intends to provide an essential first step in quantum education at the associate’s level. The curriculum relies heavily on a visual, hands-on approach that is based on commercially available quantum educational hardware. The curriculum strives to bring complex quantum science to a level understandable to individuals without a solid scientific background through algebra-based theory and simple experiments. As such, it may also be used to raise awareness and inspire high school students to seek careers as future quantum scientists.
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- Award ID(s):
- 2055061
- NSF-PAR ID:
- 10493596
- Editor(s):
- Hagan, David J.; McKee, Michael
- Publisher / Repository:
- SPIE
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Proc. SPIE 12723, Seventeenth Conference on Education and Training in Optics and Photonics: ETOP 2023, 1272331
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 56
- Subject(s) / Keyword(s):
- ["quantum education, quantum workforce, quantum experiments, quantum hardware, high schools"]
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Location:
- Cocoa Beach, United States
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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Design/Method This qualitative, embedded multiple case study considered in‐depth pre‐ and post‐year interviews with teachers, administrators, industry, and university personnel during the first year of the Partnering with Educators and Engineers in Rural Schools (PEERS) program. Transcripts were analyzed using a framework of interorganizational collaboration operationalized for our context.
Results Results provide insights into stakeholder perceptions of collaborative processes in the first year of the PEERS program across dimensions of collaboration. These dimensions mapped to three central discussion points with relevance for school–university–industry partnerships: school collaboration as an emergent and negotiated process, tension in collaborating across organizations, and fair share in collaborating toward a social goal.
Conclusions Taking a macro‐level look at the collaborative processes involved enabled us to develop implications for collaborative stakeholders to be intentional about designing for future success. By systematically applying a framework of collaboration and capitalizing on the rich situational findings possible through a qualitative approach, we shift our understanding of collaborative processes in school–university–industry partnerships for engineering education and contribute to the development of collaboration theory.
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