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1. Crystallographic Spin Torque Conductivity Tensor of Epitaxial IrO ₂ Thin Films for Oxide Spintronics

   https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202414267  

   Patton, Michael; Pharis, Daniel A; Gurung, Gautam; Huang, Xiaoxi; Noh, Gahee; Tsymbal, Evgeny Y; Choi, Si‐Young; Ralph, Daniel C; Rzchowski, Mark S; Eom, Chang‐Beom (March 2025, Advanced Materials)

   Abstract Unconventional spin‐orbit torques arising from electric‐field‐generated spin currents in anisotropic materials have promising potential for spintronic applications, including for perpendicular magnetic switching in high‐density memory applications. Here, all the independent elements of the spin torque conductivity tensor allowed by bulk crystal symmetries for the tetragonal conductor IrO₂are determined via measurements of conventional (in‐plane) anti‐damping torques for IrO₂thin films in the high‐symmetry (001) and (100) orientations. It is then tested whether rotational transformations of this same tensor can predict both the conventional and unconventional anti‐damping torques for IrO₂thin films in the lower‐symmetry (101), (110), and (111) orientations, finding good agreement. The results confirm that spin‐orbit torques from all these orientations are consistent with the bulk symmetries of IrO₂, and show how simple measurements of conventional torques from high‐symmetry orientations of anisotropic thin films can provide an accurate prediction of the unconventional torques from lower‐symmetry orientations. 

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2. Controlling spin current polarization through non-collinear antiferromagnetism

   https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17999-4  

   Nan, T.; Quintela, C. X.; Irwin, J.; Gurung, G.; Shao, D. F.; Gibbons, J.; Campbell, N.; Song, K.; Choi, S. -Y.; Guo, L.; et al (December 2020, Nature Communications)

   null (Ed.)

   Abstract The interconversion of charge and spin currents via spin-Hall effect is essential for spintronics. Energy-efficient and deterministic switching of magnetization can be achieved when spin polarizations of these spin currents are collinear with the magnetization. However, symmetry conditions generally restrict spin polarizations to be orthogonal to both the charge and spin flows. Spin polarizations can deviate from such direction in nonmagnetic materials only when the crystalline symmetry is reduced. Here, we show control of the spin polarization direction by using a non-collinear antiferromagnet Mn 3 GaN, in which the triangular spin structure creates a low magnetic symmetry while maintaining a high crystalline symmetry. We demonstrate that epitaxial Mn 3 GaN/permalloy heterostructures can generate unconventional spin-orbit torques at room temperature corresponding to out-of-plane and Dresselhaus-like spin polarizations which are forbidden in any sample with two-fold rotational symmetry. Our results demonstrate an approach based on spin-structure design for controlling spin-orbit torque, enabling high-efficient antiferromagnetic spintronics. 

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3. Multiple magnetic droplet solitions from exotic spin–orbit torques

   https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0099491  

   Klause, Robin; Hoffmann, Axel (June 2022, Applied Physics Letters)

   Materials with large spin–orbit interactions generate pure spin currents with spin polarizations parallel to the interfacial surfaces that give rise to conventional spin–orbit torques. These spin–orbit torques can only efficiently and deterministically switch magnets with in-plane magnetization. Additional symmetry breaking, such as in non-collinear antiferromagnets, can generate exotic, unconventional spin–orbit torques that are associated with spin polarizations perpendicular to the interfacial planes. Here, we use micromagnetic simulations to investigate whether such exotic spin–orbit torques can generate magnetic droplet solitions in out-of-plane magnetized geometries. We show that a short, high current pulse followed by a lower constant current can nucleate and stabilize magnetic droplets. Through specific current pulse lengths, it is possible to control the number of droplets in such a system, since torques are generated over a large area. Additionally, the nucleation current scales with the out-of-plane component of the spin polarization and is linear as a function of magnetic field strength. 

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4. Field-free deterministic switching of all–van der Waals spin-orbit torque system above room temperature

   https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adk8669  

   Kajale, Shivam N; Nguyen, Thanh; Hung, Nguyen Tuan; Li, Mingda; Sarkar, Deblina (March 2024, Science Advances)

   Two-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) magnetic materials hold promise for the development of high-density, energy-efficient spintronic devices for memory and computation. Recent breakthroughs in material discoveries and spin-orbit torque control of vdW ferromagnets have opened a path for integration of vdW magnets in commercial spintronic devices. However, a solution for field-free electric control of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) vdW magnets at room temperatures, essential for building compact and thermally stable spintronic devices, is still missing. Here, we report a solution for the field-free, deterministic, and nonvolatile switching of a PMA vdW ferromagnet, Fe₃GaTe₂, above room temperature (up to 320 K). We use the unconventional out-of-plane anti-damping torque from an adjacent WTe₂layer to enable such switching with a low current density of 2.23 × 10⁶A cm⁻². This study exemplifies the efficacy of low-symmetry vdW materials for spin-orbit torque control of vdW ferromagnets and provides an all-vdW solution for the next generation of scalable and energy-efficient spintronic devices. 

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5. Large spin–orbit torque in bismuthate-based heterostructures

   https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-023-01080-1  

   Edgeton, Anthony L; Harris, Isaac A; Campbell, Neil G; Chai, Yahong; Mazur, Marcel M; Gurung, Gautam; Huang, Xiaoxi; Susarla, Sandhya; Tsymbal, Evgeny Y; Ralph, Daniel C; et al (December 2023, Nature Electronics)

   The wider application of spintronic devices requires the development of new material platforms that can efficiently manipulate spin. Bismuthate-based superconductors are centrosymmetric systems that are generally thought to offer weak spin–orbit coupling. Here, we report a large spin–orbit torque driven by spin polarization generated in heterostructures based on the bismuthate BaPb1-xBixO3 (which is in a non-superconducting state). Using spin-torque ferromagnetic resonance and d.c. non-linear Hall measurements, we measure a spin–orbit torque efficiency of around 2.7 and demonstrate current driven magnetization switching at current densities of 4×10^5 A〖cm〗^(-2). We suggest that the unexpectedly large current-induced torques could be the result of an orbital Rashba effect associated with local inversion symmetry breaking in BaPb1-xBixO3. 

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