An official website of the United States government
Traditionally, multi-tenant cloud and edge platforms use fair-share schedulers to fairly multiplex resources across applications. These schedulers ensure applications receive processing time proportional to a configurable share of the total time. Unfortunately, enforcing time-fairness across applications often violates energy-fairness, such that some applications consume more than their fair share of energy. This occurs because applications either do not fully utilize their resources or operate at a reduced frequency/voltage during their time-slice. The problem is particularly acute for machine learning (ML) applications using GPUs, where model size largely dictates utilization and energy usage. Enforcing energy-fairness is also important since energy is a costly and limited resource. For example, in cloud platforms, energy dominates operating costs and is limited by the power delivery infrastructure, while in edge platforms, energy is often scarce and limited by energy harvesting and battery constraints. To address the problem, we define the notion of Energy-Time Fairness (ETF), which enables a configurable tradeoff between energy and time fairness, and then design a scheduler that enforces it. We show that ETF satisfies many well-accepted fairness properties. ETF and the new tradeoff it offers are important, as some applications, especially ML models, are time/latency-sensitive and others are energy-sensitive. Thus, while enforcing pure energy-fairness starves time/latency-sensitive applications (of time) and enforcing pure time-fairness starves energy-sensitive applications (of energy), ETF is able to mind the gap between the two. We implement an ETF scheduler, and show that it improves fairness by up to 2x, incentivizes energy efficiency, and exposes a configurable knob to operate between energy- and time-fairness.
more »
« less
Energy Time Fairness: Balancing Fair Allocation of Energy and Time for GPU Workloads
Traditionally, multi-tenant cloud and edge platforms use fair-share schedulers to fairly multiplex resources across applications. These schedulers ensure applications receive processing time proportional to a configurable share of the total time. Unfortunately, enforcing time-fairness across applications often violates energy-fairness, such that some applications consume more than their fair share of energy. This occurs because applications either do not fully utilize their resources or operate at a reduced frequency/voltage during their time-slice. The problem is particularly acute for machine learning (ML) applications using GPUs, where model size largely dictates utilization and energy usage. Enforcing energy-fairness is also important since energy is a costly and limited resource. For example, in cloud platforms, energy dominates operating costs and is limited by the power delivery infrastructure, while in edge platforms, energy is often scarce and limited by energy harvesting and battery constraints. To address the problem, we define the notion of Energy-Time Fairness (ETF), which enables a configurable tradeoff between energy and time fairness, and then design a scheduler that enforces it. We show that ETF satisfies many well-accepted fairness properties. ETF and the new tradeoff it offers are important, as some applications, especially ML models, are time/latency-sensitive and others are energy-sensitive. Thus, while enforcing pure energy-fairness starves time/latency-sensitive applications (of time) and enforcing pure time-fairness starves energy-sensitive applications (of energy), ETF is able to mind the gap between the two. We implement an ETF scheduler, and show that it improves fairness by up to 2x, incentivizes energy efficiency, and exposes a configurable knob to operate between energy- and time-fairness.
more »
« less
- Award ID(s):
- 2105494
- PAR ID:
- 10496897
- Publisher / Repository:
- IEEE
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- 2023 IEEE/ACM Symposium on Edge Computing (SEC)
- ISSN:
- 2837-4827
- ISBN:
- 979-8-4007-0123-8
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Location:
- Wilmington, DE, USA
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
More Like this
-
-
null (Ed.)Serverless computing has emerged as a new paradigm for running short-lived computations in the cloud. Due to its ability to handle IoT workloads, there has been considerable interest in running serverless functions at the edge. However, the constrained nature of the edge and the latency sensitive nature of workloads result in many challenges for serverless platforms. In this paper, we present LaSS, a platform that uses model-driven approaches for running latency-sensitive serverless computations on edge resources. LaSS uses principled queuing-based methods to determine an appropriate allocation for each hosted function and auto-scales the allocated resources in response to workload dynamics. LaSS uses a fair-share allocation approach to guarantee a minimum of allocated resources to each function in the presence of overload. In addition, it utilizes resource reclamation methods based on container deflation and termination to reassign resources from over-provisioned functions to under-provisioned ones. We implement a prototype of our approach on an OpenWhisk serverless edge cluster and conduct a detailed experimental evaluation. Our results show that LaSS can accurately predict the resources needed for serverless functions in the presence of highly dynamic workloads, and reprovision container capacity within hundreds of milliseconds while maintaining fair share allocation guarantees.more » « less
-
We first consider the static problem of allocating resources to (i.e., scheduling) multiple distributed application frameworks, possibly with different priorities and server preferences, in a private cloud with heterogeneous servers. Several fair scheduling mechanisms have been proposed for this purpose. We extend prior results on max-min fair (MMF) and proportional fair (PF) scheduling to this constrained multiresource and multiserver case for generic fair scheduling criteria. The task efficiencies (a metric related to proportional fairness) of max- min fair allocations found by progressive filling are compared by illustrative examples. In the second part of this paper, we consider the online problem (with framework churn) by implementing variants of these schedulers in Apache Mesos using progressive filling to dynamically approximate max-min fair allocations. We evaluate the implemented schedulers in terms of overall execution time of realistic distributed Spark workloads. Our experiments show that resource efficiency is improved and execution times are reduced when the scheduler is “server specific” or when it leverages characterized required resources of the workloads (when known).more » « less
-
Reducing tail latency has become a crucial issue for optimizing the performance of online cloud services and distributed applications. In distributed applications, there are many causes of high end-to-end tail latency, including operating system delays, request re-ordering due to fan-out/fanin, and network congestion. Although recent research has focused on reducing tail latency for individual application components, such as by replicating requests and scheduling, in this paper, we argue for a holistic approach for reducing the end-to-end tail latency across application components. We propose TailClipper, a distributed scheduler that tags each arriving request with an arrival timestamp, and propagates it across the microservices' call chain. TailClipper then uses arrival timestamps to implement an oldest request first scheduler that combines global first-come first serve with a limited form of processor sharing to reduce end-to-end tail latency. In doing so, TailClipper can counter the performance degradation caused by request reordering in multi-tiered and microservices-based applications. We implement TailClipper as a userspace Linux scheduler and evaluate it using cloud workload traces and a real-world microservices application. Compared to state-of-the-art schedulers, our experiments reveal that TailClipper improves the 99th percentile response time by up to 81%, while also improving the mean response time and the system throughput by up to 54% and 29% respectively under high loads.more » « less
-
null (Ed.)In today's era of Internet of Things (IoT), where massive amounts of data are produced by IoT and other devices, edge computing has emerged as a prominent paradigm for low-latency data processing. However, applications may have diverse latency requirements: certain latency-sensitive processing operations may need to be performed at the edge, while delay-tolerant operations can be performed on the cloud, without occupying the potentially limited edge computing resources. To achieve that, we envision an environment where computing resources are distributed across edge and cloud offerings. In this paper, we present the design of CLEDGE (CLoud + EDGE), an information-centric hybrid cloud-edge framework, aiming to maximize the on-time completion of computational tasks offloaded by applications with diverse latency requirements. The design of CLEDGE is motivated by the networking challenges that mixed reality researchers face. Our evaluation demonstrates that CLEDGE can complete on-time more than 90% of offloaded tasks with modest overheads.more » « less
- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
-
Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Conference Proceeding:
- The DOI is not currently available.
