skip to main content
US FlagAn official website of the United States government
dot gov icon
Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.
https lock icon
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( lock ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.


Title: Variational phase-field fracture with controlled nucleation
We briefly review the Γ-convergence of phase-field fracture to Griffith fracture, and describe how softening and nucleation occur when implementing phase-field models. An example is given of how this softening and nucleation can be completely stopped, while preserving crack growth and Γ-convergence. We then show how nucleation can locally be turned back on, based on any criterion, such as a stress threshold. Again, these modifications preserve Γ-convergence, and they can be applied to static, quasi-static, and dynamic models. Additionally, we describe why these modifications can be expected to improve the convergence of phase-field models.  more » « less
Award ID(s):
1909991 2206114
PAR ID:
10498861
Author(s) / Creator(s):
Publisher / Repository:
Elsevier
Date Published:
Journal Name:
Mechanics Research Communications
Volume:
128
Issue:
C
ISSN:
0093-6413
Page Range / eLocation ID:
104059
Format(s):
Medium: X
Sponsoring Org:
National Science Foundation
More Like this
  1. ABSTRACT This work proposes a novel approach for coupling non‐isothermal fluid dynamics with fracture mechanics to capture thermal effects within fluid‐filled fractures accurately. This method addresses critical aspects of calculating fracture width in enhanced geothermal systems, where the temperature effects of fractures are crucial. The proposed algorithm features an iterative coupling between an interface‐capturing phase‐field fracture method and interface‐tracking thermo‐fluid‐structure interaction using arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian coordinates. We use a phase‐field approach to represent fractures and reconstruct the geometry to frame a thermo‐fluid‐structure interaction problem, resulting in pressure and temperature fields that drive fracture propagation. We developed a novel phase‐field interface model accounting for thermal effects, enabling the coupling of quantities specific to the fluid‐filled fracture with the phase‐field model through the interface between the fracture and the intact solid domain. We provide several numerical examples to demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed algorithm. In particular, we analyze mesh convergence of our phase‐field interface model, investigate the effects of temperature on crack width and volume in a static regime, and highlight the method's potential for modeling slowly propagating fractures. 
    more » « less
  2. null (Ed.)
    Recent theoretical and computational progress has led to unprecedented understanding of symmetry-breaking instabilities in 2D dynamic fracture. At the heart of this progress resides the identification of two intrinsic, near crack tip length scales — a nonlinear elastic length scale ℓ and a dissipation length scale ξ — that do not exist in Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM), the classical theory of cracks. In particular, it has been shown that at a propagation velocity v of about 90% of the shear wave-speed, cracks in 2D brittle materials undergo an oscillatory instability whose wavelength varies linearly with ℓ, and at larger loading levels (corresponding to yet higher propagation velocities), a tip-splitting instability emerges, both in agreements with experiments. In this paper, using phase-field models of brittle fracture, we demonstrate the following properties of the oscillatory instability: (i) It exists also in the absence of near-tip elastic nonlinearity, i.e. in the limit ℓ→0, with a wavelength determined by the dissipation length scale ξ. This result shows that the instability crucially depends on the existence of an intrinsic length scale associated with the breakdown of linear elasticity near crack tips, independently of whether the latter is related to nonlinear elasticity or to dissipation. (ii) It is a supercritical Hopf bifurcation, featuring a vanishing oscillations amplitude at onset. (iii) It is largely independent of the phenomenological forms of the degradation functions assumed in the phase-field framework to describe the cohesive zone, and of the velocity-dependence of the fracture energy Γ(v) that is controlled by the dissipation time scale in the Ginzburg-Landau-type evolution equation for the phase-field. These results substantiate the universal nature of the oscillatory instability in 2D. In addition, we provide evidence indicating that the tip-splitting instability is controlled by the limiting rate of elastic energy transport inside the crack tip region. The latter is sensitive to the wave-speed inside the dissipation zone, which can be systematically varied within the phase-field approach. Finally, we describe in detail the numerical implementation scheme of the employed phase-field fracture approach, allowing its application in a broad range of materials failure problems. 
    more » « less
  3. null (Ed.)
    SUMMARY Earthquake ruptures are generally considered to be cracks that propagate as fracture or frictional slip on pre-existing faults. Crack models have been used to describe the spatial distribution of fault offset and the associated static stress changes along a fault, and have implications for friction evolution and the underlying physics of rupture processes. However, field measurements that could help refine idealized crack models are rare. Here, we describe large-scale laboratory earthquake experiments, where all rupture processes were contained within a 3-m long saw-cut granite fault, and we propose an analytical crack model that fits our measurements. Similar to natural earthquakes, laboratory measurements show coseismic slip that gradually tapers near the rupture tips. Measured stress changes show roughly constant stress drop in the centre of the ruptured region, a maximum stress increase near the rupture tips and a smooth transition in between, in a region we describe as the earthquake arrest zone. The proposed model generalizes the widely used elliptical crack model by adding gradually tapered slip at the ends of the rupture. Different from the cohesive zone described by fracture mechanics, we propose that the transition in stress changes and the corresponding linear taper observed in the earthquake arrest zone are the result of rupture termination conditions primarily controlled by the initial stress distribution. It is the heterogeneous initial stress distribution that controls the arrest of laboratory earthquakes, and the features of static stress changes. We also performed dynamic rupture simulations that confirm how arrest conditions can affect slip taper and static stress changes. If applicable to larger natural earthquakes, this distinction between an earthquake arrest zone (that depends on stress conditions) and a cohesive zone (that depends primarily on strength evolution) has important implications for how seismic observations of earthquake fracture energy should be interpreted. 
    more » « less
  4. The 2023 smooth Lagrangian Crack-Band Model (slCBM), inspired by the 2020 invention of the gap test, prevented spurious damage localization during fracture growth by introducing the second gradient of the displacement field vector, named the “sprain,” as the localization limiter. The key idea was that, in the finite element implementation, the displacement vector and its gradient should be treated as independent fields with the lowest ( C 0 ) continuity, constrained by a second-order Lagrange multiplier tensor. Coupled with a realistic constitutive law for triaxial softening damage, such as microplane model M7, the known limitations of the classical Crack Band Model were eliminated. Here, we show that the slCBM closely reproduces the size effect revealed by the gap test at various crack-parallel stresses. To describe it, we present an approximate corrective formula, although a strong loading-path dependence limits its applicability. Except for the rare case of zero crack-parallel stresses, the fracture predictions of the line crack models (linear elastic fracture mechanics, phase-field, extended finite element method (XFEM), cohesive crack models) can be as much as 100% in error. We argue that the localization limiter concept must be extended by including the resistance to material rotation gradients. We also show that, without this resistance, the existing strain-gradient damage theories may predict a wrong fracture pattern and have, for Mode II and III fractures, a load capacity error as much as 55%. Finally, we argue that the crack-parallel stress effect must occur in all materials, ranging from concrete to atomistically sharp cracks in crystals. 
    more » « less
  5. Abstract Many geo‐engineering applications, for example, enhanced geothermal systems, rely on hydraulic fracturing to enhance the permeability of natural formations and allow for sufficient fluid circulation. Over the past few decades, the phase‐field method has grown in popularity as a valid approach to modeling hydraulic fracturing because of the ease of handling complex fracture propagation geometries. However, existing phase‐field methods cannot appropriately capture nucleation of hydraulic fractures because their formulations are solely energy‐based and do not explicitly take into account the strength of the material. Thus, in this work, we propose a novel phase‐field formulation for hydraulic fracturing with the main goal of modeling fracture nucleation in porous media, for example, rocks. Built on the variational formulation of previous phase‐field methods, the proposed model incorporates the material strength envelope for hydraulic fracture nucleation through two important steps: (i) an external driving force term, included in the damage evolution equation, that accounts for the material strength; (ii) a properly designed damage function that defines the fluid pressure contribution on the crack driving force. The comparison of numerical results for two‐dimensional test cases with existing analytical solutions demonstrates that the proposed phase‐field model can accurately model both nucleation and propagation of hydraulic fractures. Additionally, we present the simulation of hydraulic fracturing in a three‐dimensional domain with various stress conditions to demonstrate the applicability of the method to realistic scenarios. 
    more » « less