Standardization is a focus of language maintenance efforts in many, but not all, minority language communities. What is the impact of this choice on interspeaker variation in maintained languages? This study investigates variable number agreement in Yiddish, a minority language spoken by two distinct communities in the New York area: (1) Hasidic Jews, who maintain the language without standardization, and (2) Yiddishists, who are overtly committed to maintaining a “correct” Yiddish. An analysis of data from 40 sociolinguistic interviews shows that Yiddishists have significantly higher rates of normative agreement than Hasidim do. The Yiddishists’ standard language ideology has also contributed to a leveling of the differences across grammatical constructions, a predictor that is more robust among the Hasidic speakers. These community‐based differences in speech reflect differences in speakers’ prescriptive judgments, which were elicited through a novel postinterview text editing task.
Neuroscience is advancing standardization and tool development to support rigor and transparency. Consequently, data pipeline complexity has increased, hindering FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable) access. brainlife.io was developed to democratize neuroimaging research. The platform provides data standardization, management, visualization and processing and automatically tracks the provenance history of thousands of data objects. Here, brainlife.io is described and evaluated for validity, reliability, reproducibility, replicability and scientific utility using four data modalities and 3,200 participants.
more » « less- Award ID(s):
- 2005506
- PAR ID:
- 10500051
- Author(s) / Creator(s):
- ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; more »
- Publisher / Repository:
- Nature Publishing Group
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Nature Methods
- Volume:
- 21
- Issue:
- 5
- ISSN:
- 1548-7091
- Format(s):
- Medium: X Size: p. 809-813
- Size(s):
- p. 809-813
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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Abstract Background Opal phytoliths (microscopic silica bodies produced in and between the cells of many plants) are a very resilient, often preserved type of plant microfossil. With the exponentially growing number of phytolith studies, standardization of phytolith morphotype names and description is essential. As a first effort in standardization, the International Code for Phytolith Nomenclature 1.0 was published by the ICPN Working Group in Annals of Botany in 2005. A decade of use of the code has prompted the need to revise, update, expand and improve it.
Scope ICPN 2.0 formulates the principles recommended for naming and describing phytolith morphotypes. According to these principles, it presents the revised names, diagnosis, images and drawings of the morphotypes that were included in ICPN 1.0, plus three others. These 19 morphotypes are those most commonly encountered in phytolith assemblages from modern and fossil soils, sediments and archaeological deposits. An illustrated glossary of common terms for description is also provided.
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Abstract Studies are largely optimistic about the ability of standardized procedures to constrain decision-makers’ biases and produce more equitable results across fields. However, work that embraces standardization as an equalizing force stands in contrast to research on standardization and street-level bureaucrats, which asserts that standardized procedures are not self-actuating and cannot be understood apart from the environments in which they are used. I examine how frontline workers vary in their approach to an actuarial-based tool intended to standardize judgments. In a highly controlled decision-making environment, child welfare workers whose racial and sex characteristics afford them higher status report subverting the tool; conversely, workers in the same position whose ascriptive characteristics yield them lower status in terms of race and sex describe following the rules. In an environment where the same tool is adopted only ceremonially, all workers experience decision-making as unconstrained, regardless of their ascriptive characteristics. This work fills gaps in knowledge about how social status and organizational context intersect to affect rule abidance. Examining these dynamic relationships advances understanding of how organizations reproduce inequality and the limits and potential for standardization to transform social hierarchies.
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Abstract A few key methodological uncertainties remain for the carbonate clumped isotope community. One is how to compare data among published data sets that are not anchored to the InterCarb Carbon Dioxide Equilibrium Scale (I‐CDES). A second is how temperature calibrations of calcite compare to those of other carbonate minerals in the I‐CDES—particularly dolomite and apatite—which can elucidate several Earth system dynamics. Previous calibrations of the clumped isotope thermometer for dolomite are discrepant from one another and variably (dis)agree with calibrations developed for calcite; apatite calibrations have not yet been compared between laboratories using carbonate‐based standardization. Here we report I‐CDES standardized values for a suite of 11 carbonates that are commonly measured by the clumped isotope community to aid future comparisons of non‐I‐CDES data sets. In addition, 17 dolomite samples (25–1,200°C) and five apatite samples (1–38°C) of known precipitation temperature were measured using carbonate‐based standardization. Excellent agreement between calcites and dolomites heated to similar temperatures (1,100–1,200°C) suggests no mineral‐specific differences in absolute acid fractionation factor. We show that calcite and dolomite regressions largely agree but are sensitive to sample characteristics, regression method, and how equations are statistically compared. We suggest that there is no need for a dolomite‐specific clumped isotope calibration, although our results suggest that further work is necessary to determine the influence of sample characteristics on this relationship. The apatite calibration equation defined in this study is statistically indistinguishable from calcite‐based calibrations; we corroborate previous findings that an apatite‐specific calibration is unnecessary.
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Abstract Background The biofouling marine tube worm,
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Conclusions The present synthesis and associated staging scheme are especially timely as this system gains traction within research communities. Characterizing the
Hydroides life cycle is essential for investigating the molecular mechanisms that drive major developmental transitions, like metamorphosis, in response to bacteria.
