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1. Characterization of Turbulent Fluctuations in the Sub-Alfvénic Solar Wind

   https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad34ab  

   Zank, G P; Zhao, L-L; Adhikari, L; Telloni, D; Baruwal, Prashant; Baruwal, Prashrit; Zhu, Xingyu; Nakanotani, M; Pitňa, A; Kasper, J C; et al (April 2024, The Astrophysical Journal)

   Abstract Parker Solar Probe (PSP) observed sub-Alfvénic solar wind intervals during encounters 8–14, and low-frequency magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence in these regions may differ from that in super-Alfvénic wind. We apply a new mode decomposition analysis to the sub-Alfvénic flow observed by PSP on 2021 April 28, identifying and characterizing entropy, magnetic islands, forward and backward Alfvén waves, including weakly/nonpropagating Alfvén vortices, forward and backward fast and slow magnetosonic (MS) modes. Density fluctuations are primarily and almost equally entropy- and backward-propagating slow MS modes. The mode decomposition provides phase information (frequency and wavenumberk) for each mode. Entropy density fluctuations have a wavenumber anisotropy ofk_∥≫k_⊥, whereas slow-mode density fluctuations havek_⊥>k_∥. Magnetic field fluctuations are primarily magnetic island modes (δBⁱ) with anO(1) smaller contribution from unidirectionally propagating Alfvén waves (δB^A+) giving a variance anisotropy of $〈{\delta B^i}^2〉/〈{\delta B^A}^2〉=4.1$ . Incompressible magnetic fluctuations dominate compressible contributions from fast and slow MS modes. The magnetic island spectrum is Kolmogorov-like $k_{\perp }^{-1.6}$ in perpendicular wavenumber, and the unidirectional Alfvén wave spectra are $k_{\parallel }^{-1.6}$ and $k_{\perp }^{-1.5}$ . Fast MS modes propagate at essentially the Alfvén speed with anticorrelated transverse velocity and magnetic field fluctuations and are almost exclusively magnetic due toβ_p≪ 1. Transverse velocity fluctuations are the dominant velocity component in fast MS modes, and longitudinal fluctuations dominate in slow modes. Mode decomposition is an effective tool in identifying the basic building blocks of MHD turbulence and provides detailed phase information about each of the modes. 

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2. Ferrimagnetism and half-metallicity in Cr-substituted Mn _4–x Cr _x Al ₁₁

   https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648X/add8d8  

   Noor, M_F B; Law, K-M; Yasmin, N; Hauser, A J; Besara, T (May 2025, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter)

   Abstract Single crystals of disordered Mn_4–xCr_xAl₁₁have been synthesized via the flux method. EDS on several crystals of various sizes and shapes revealed an average molar ratio of 17:9:74 for Mn:Cr:Al, while x-ray diffraction on three different crystals yield compositions Mn_2.26Cr_1.74Al₁₁(Mn_4–xCr_xAl₁₁,x= 1.74), Mn_0.83Cr_3.17Al₁₁, and Mn_1.07Cr_2.93Al₁₁. This compound crystallizes in space group $P\overline{1}$ , isostructural with both Mn₄Al₁₁and Cr₄Al₁₁. Magnetic measurements on several crystals show that this disordered compound is ferrimagnetic with a low effective moment of ${\mu }_{\text{eff}}\approx 1.012\pm 0.004{\mu }_{\text{B}}/\text{f}.\text{u}.$ and a non-reachable transition temperature. Density functional theory calculations display opening of a bandgap in the spin-up channel near the Fermi level with increasing Cr content, an indication of half-metallicity. 

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3. Resolved Measurements of the CO-to-H ₂ Conversion Factor in 37 Nearby Galaxies

   https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad23ed  

   Chiang_江, I-Da 宜達; Sandstrom, Karin M; Chastenet, Jérémy; Bolatto, Alberto D; Koch, Eric W; Leroy, Adam K; Sun_孙, Jiayi 嘉懿; Teng, Yu-Hsuan; Williams, Thomas G (March 2024, The Astrophysical Journal)

   Abstract We measure the CO-to-H₂conversion factor (α_CO) in 37 galaxies at 2 kpc resolution, using the dust surface density inferred from far-infrared emission as a tracer of the gas surface density and assuming a constant dust-to-metal ratio. In total, we have ∼790 and ∼610 independent measurements ofα_COfor CO (2–1) and (1–0), respectively. The mean values forα_{CO (2–1)}andα_{CO (1–0)}are ${9.3}_{-5.4}^{+4.6}$ and ${4.2}_{-2.0}^{+1.9}{M}_{\odot }{\mathrm{pc}}^{-2}{\left(\mathrm{K}\mathrm{km}{\mathrm{s}}^{-1}\right)}^{-1}$ , respectively. The CO-intensity-weighted mean is 5.69 forα_{CO (2–1)}and 3.33 forα_{CO (1–0)}. We examine howα_COscales with several physical quantities, e.g., the star formation rate (SFR), stellar mass, and dust-mass-weighted average interstellar radiation field strength ( $\overline{U}$ ). Among them, $\overline{U}$ , Σ_SFR, and the integrated CO intensity (W_CO) have the strongest anticorrelation with spatially resolvedα_CO. We provide linear regression results toα_COfor all quantities tested. At galaxy-integrated scales, we observe significant correlations betweenα_COandW_CO, metallicity, $\overline{U}$ , and Σ_SFR. We also find thatα_COin each galaxy decreases with the stellar mass surface density (Σ_⋆) in high-surface-density regions (Σ_⋆≥ 100M_⊙pc⁻²), following the power-law relations ${\alpha }_{\mathrm{CO}(2–1)}\propto {\mathrm{\Sigma }}_{\star }^{-0.5}$ and ${\alpha }_{\mathrm{CO}(1–0)}\propto {\mathrm{\Sigma }}_{\star }^{-0.2}$ . The power-law index is insensitive to the assumed dust-to-metal ratio. We interpret the decrease inα_COwith increasing Σ_⋆as a result of higher velocity dispersion compared to isolated, self-gravitating clouds due to the additional gravitational force from stellar sources, which leads to the reduction inα_CO. The decrease inα_COat high Σ_⋆is important for accurately assessing molecular gas content and star formation efficiency in the centers of galaxies, which bridge “Milky Way–like” to “starburst-like” conversion factors. 

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4. Mapping the Growth of Supermassive Black Holes as a Function of Galaxy Stellar Mass and Redshift

   https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad27cc  

   Zou, Fan; Yu, Zhibo; Brandt, W N; Tak, Hyungsuk; Yang, Guang; Ni, Qingling (March 2024, The Astrophysical Journal)

   Abstract The growth of supermassive black holes is strongly linked to their galaxies. It has been shown that the population mean black hole accretion rate ( $\overline{\mathrm{BHAR}}$ ) primarily correlates with the galaxy stellar mass (M_⋆) and redshift for the general galaxy population. This work aims to provide the best measurements of $\overline{\mathrm{BHAR}}$ as a function ofM_⋆and redshift over ranges of 10^9.5<M_⋆< 10¹²M_⊙andz< 4. We compile an unprecedentedly large sample with 8000 active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and 1.3 million normal galaxies from nine high-quality survey fields following a wedding cake design. We further develop a semiparametric Bayesian method that can reasonably estimate $\overline{\mathrm{BHAR}}$ and the corresponding uncertainties, even for sparsely populated regions in the parameter space. $\overline{\mathrm{BHAR}}$ is constrained by X-ray surveys sampling the AGN accretion power and UV-to-infrared multiwavelength surveys sampling the galaxy population. Our results can independently predict the X-ray luminosity function (XLF) from the galaxy stellar mass function (SMF), and the prediction is consistent with the observed XLF. We also try adding external constraints from the observed SMF and XLF. We further measure $\overline{\mathrm{BHAR}}$ for star-forming and quiescent galaxies and show that star-forming $\overline{\mathrm{BHAR}}$ is generally larger than or at least comparable to the quiescent $\overline{\mathrm{BHAR}}$ . 

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5. Observation of momentum-dependent charge density wave gap in a layered antiferromagnet GdTe3

   https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-44851-8  

   Regmi, Sabin; Bin Elius, Iftakhar; Sakhya, Anup Pradhan; Jeff, Dylan; Sprague, Milo; Mondal, Mazharul Islam; Jarrett, Damani; Valadez, Nathan; Agosto, Alexis; Romanova, Tetiana; et al (December 2023, Scientific Reports)

   Abstract Charge density wave (CDW) ordering has been an important topic of study for a long time owing to its connection with other exotic phases such as superconductivity and magnetism. The$$R{\textrm{Te}}_{3}$$ $R{\text{Te}}_3$ (R= rare-earth elements) family of materials provides a fertile ground to study the dynamics of CDW in van der Waals layered materials, and the presence of magnetism in these materials allows to explore the interplay among CDW and long range magnetic ordering. Here, we have carried out a high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) study of a CDW material$${\textrm{Gd}}{\textrm{Te}}_{3}$$ $\text{Gd}{\text{Te}}_3$ , which is antiferromagnetic below$$\sim \mathrm {12~K}$$ $\sim 12K$ , along with thermodynamic, electrical transport, magnetic, and Raman measurements. Our ARPES data show a two-fold symmetric Fermi surface with both gapped and ungapped regions indicative of the partial nesting. The gap is momentum dependent, maximum along$${\overline{\Gamma }}-\mathrm{\overline{Z}}$$ $\overline{\Gamma }-\overline{Z}$ and gradually decreases going towards$${\overline{\Gamma }}-\mathrm{\overline{X}}$$ $\overline{\Gamma }-\overline{X}$ . Our study provides a platform to study the dynamics of CDW and its interaction with other physical orders in two- and three-dimensions. 

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