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ABSTRACT Relativistic jets originating from protomagnetar central engines can lead to long duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and are considered potential sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays and secondary neutrinos. We explore the propagation of such jets through a broad range of progenitors, from stars which have shed their envelopes to supergiants which have not. We use a semi-analytical spin-down model for the strongly magnetized and rapidly rotating protoneutron star (PNS) to investigate the role of central engine properties such as the surface dipole field strength, initial rotation period, and jet opening angle on the interactions and dynamical evolution of the jet-cocoon system. With this model, we determine the properties of the relativistic jet, the mildly relativistic cocoon, and the collimation shock in terms of system parameters such as the time-dependent jet luminosity, injection angle, and density profile of the stellar medium. We also analyse the criteria for a successful jet breakout, the maximum energy that can be deposited into the cocoon by the relativistic jet, and structural stability of the magnetized outflow relative to local instabilities. Lastly, we compute the high-energy neutrino emission as these magnetized outflows burrow through their progenitors. Precursor neutrinos from successful GRB jets are unlikely to be detected by IceCube, which is consistent with the results of previous works. On the other hand, we find that high-energy neutrinos may be produced for extended progenitors like blue and red supergiants, and we estimate the detectability of neutrinos with next generation detectors such as IceCube-Gen2.
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A semi-analytical model for the propagation of a relativistic jet in a magnetized medium
ABSTRACT The merger of two magnetized compact objects, such as neutron stars, forms a compact object which may launch a relativistic and collimated jet. Numerical simulations of the process show that a dense and highly magnetized medium surrounds the system. This study presents a semi-analytical model that models the effects that a static magnetized medium with a tangled field produces in relativistic, collimated, and non-magnetized jets. The model is a first approximation that addresses the magnetic field present in the medium and is based on pressure equilibrium principles between the jet, cocoon, and external medium. A fraction of the ambient medium field is allowed to be entrained in the cocoon. We find that the jet and cocoon properties may be affected by high magnetic fields (≳ 1015 G) and mixing. The evolution of the system may vary up to $$\sim 10{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$$ (compared to the non-magnetized case). Low-mixing may produce a slower broader jet with a broader and more energetic cocoon would be produced. On the other hand, high-mixing could produce a faster narrower jet with a narrow and less-energetic cocoon. Two-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations are used to validate the model and to constrain the mixing parameter. Although the magnetic field and mixing have a limited effect, our semi-analytic model captures the general trend consistent with numerical results. For high magnetization, the results were found to be more consistent with the low mixing case in our semi-analytic model.
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- Award ID(s):
- 1907955
- PAR ID:
- 10512430
- Publisher / Repository:
- Oxford University Press
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Volume:
- 531
- Issue:
- 2
- ISSN:
- 0035-8711
- Format(s):
- Medium: X Size: p. 2903-2911
- Size(s):
- p. 2903-2911
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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