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Palladium-catalyzed fluoroalkylations of aryl halides are valuable reactions for the synthesis of fluorinated, biologically active molecules. Reductive elimination from an intermediate Pd(aryl)(fluoroalkyl) complex is the step that forms the C(aryl)–C(fluoroalkyl) bond, and this step typically requires higher temperatures and proceeds with slower rates than the reductive elimination of nonfluorinated alkylarenes from the analogous Pd(aryl)(alkyl) complexes. The experimental rates of this step correlate poorly with common parameters, such as the steric property or the electron-withdrawing ability of the fluoroalkyl ligand, making the prediction of rates and the rational design of Pd-catalyzed fluoroalkylations difficult. Therefore, a systematic study of the features of fluoroalkyl ligands that affect the barrier to this key step, including steric properties, electron-withdrawing properties, and secondary interactions, is necessary for the future development of fluoroalkylation reactions that occur under milder conditions and that tolerate additional types of fluoroalkyl reagents. We report computational studies of the effect of the fluoroalkyl (RF) ligand on the barriers to reductive elimination from Pd(aryl)(RF) complexes (RF = CF2CN, CF2C(O)Me, etc.) containing the bidentate ligand di-tert-butyl(2-methoxyphenyl)phosphine (L). The computed Gibbs free-energy barriers to reductive elimination from these complexes suggest that fluoroalkylarenes should form quickly at room temperature for the fluoroalkyl ligands we studied, excluding RF = CF3, CF2Me, C2F5, CF2CFMe2, CF2Et, CF2iPr, or CF2tBu. Analyses of the transition-state structures by natural bond orbital (NBO) and independent gradient model (IGMH) approaches reveal that orbital interactions between the Pd center and a hydrogen atom or π-acid bonded to the α-carbon atom of the RF ligand stabilize the lowest-energy transition states of Pd(aryl)(RF) complexes. Comparisons between conformers of transition-state structures suggest that the magnitude of such stabilizations is 4.7–9.9 kcal/mol. In the absence of these secondary orbital interactions, a more electron-withdrawing fluoroalkyl ligand leads to a higher barrier to reductive elimination than a less electron-withdrawing fluoroalkyl ligand. Computations on the reductive elimination from complexes containing para-substituted aryl groups on palladium reveal that the barriers to reductive elimination from complexes containing more electron-rich aryl ligands tend to be lower than those to reductive elimination from complexes containing less electron-rich aryl ligands when the fluoroalkyl ligands of these complexes can engage in secondary orbital interactions with the metal center. However, the computed barriers to reductive elimination do not depend on the electronic properties of the aryl ligand when the fluoroalkyl ligands do not engage in secondary orbital interactions with the metal center.
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Electronic Rearrangement in Steps of Reductive Elimination of Polar Electrophiles Leads to Refinement of Redox Events
The oxidative addition/reductive elimination of polar molecules such as methyl iodide at late metal centers has a strongly supported SN2 mechanism for many key organometallic complexes, including important industrial catalysts. In the reductive elimination direction, it is proposed that a ligand initially dissociates, typically a halide, followed by subsequent nucleophilic attack at the ligand trans to the now vacant site. The prevailing view is the metal reduction occurs upon transferring the electrophile in the SN2 step. Herein, we report the use of an ensemble of computational techniques to characterize the electronic structure of the reactants and intermediates along this reductive elimination pathway. These calculations demonstrate, unexpectedly, that the initiating loss of an anionic ligand from the octahedral highly oxidized structure leads to an electronic rearrangement that shifts electron density from the apical ligand back toward the metal resulting in an inversion of the electron flow between the metal and apical ligand. The anisotropic shift in electron density to the metal disproportionately affects the apical position, which is best described as a Pt → Me dative bond. With this Pt → Me bonding description, our interpretation of the IUPAC oxidation state formalism would assign the intermediate as PtII. Although counterintuitive, the formal and functional reduction of the metal thus occurs upon halide dissociation.
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- Award ID(s):
- 2154432
- PAR ID:
- 10514034
- Publisher / Repository:
- Organometallics
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Organometallics
- Volume:
- 42
- Issue:
- 16
- ISSN:
- 0276-7333
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 2171 to 2176
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.organomet.3c00102
