Notably, 3D-printed flexible and wearable biosensors have immense potential to interact with the human body noninvasively for the real-time and continuous health monitoring of physiological parameters. This paper comprehensively reviews the progress in 3D-printed wearable biosensors. The review also explores the incorporation of nanocomposites in 3D printing for biosensors. A detailed analysis of various 3D printing processes for fabricating wearable biosensors is reported. Besides this, recent advances in various 3D-printed wearable biosensors platforms such as sweat sensors, glucose sensors, electrocardiography sensors, electroencephalography sensors, tactile sensors, wearable oximeters, tattoo sensors, and respiratory sensors are discussed. Furthermore, the challenges and prospects associated with 3D-printed wearable biosensors are presented. This review is an invaluable resource for engineers, researchers, and healthcare clinicians, providing insights into the advancements and capabilities of 3D printing in the wearable biosensor domain.
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BioSparks: Jewelry as Electrochemical Sweat Biosensors with Modular, Repurposing and Interchangeable Approaches
This paper presents BioSparks, a wearable device that detects glucose levels in sweat through electrochemical biosensors crafted with traditional jewelry techniques. Unlike conventional biosensors that
are disposed of after use, BioSparks employs a repurposing method, allowing for the reuse of discarded electrodes within the jewelry’s chain, as pendants or earrings. It incorporates interchangeable electrodes
that facilitates their replacement after timelife. The modular design enables the wearable to be placed on various body parts, including the neck, wrist and waist. The paper outlines our design considerations for Wearability Factors for Jewelry Biosensors, and the fabrication process combining traditional jewelry techniques and electromistry. Our technical evaluation shows the performance of our biosensor under ten different glucose concentrations.
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- Award ID(s):
- 2146461
- PAR ID:
- 10529813
- Publisher / Repository:
- ACM
- Date Published:
- ISBN:
- 9798400702006
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 315 to 320
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Location:
- Cancun, Quintana Roo Mexico
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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Abstract Wearable biosensors are envisioned to disrupt both delivery and accessibility of healthcare by providing real‐time, continuous monitoring of informative and predictive physiological markers in convenient, user‐friendly, and portable designs. In recent years, there has been myriad demonstrations of biosensor‐integrated clothing and skin‐borne biosensor patches, enabled by device miniaturization, reduced power consumption, and new biosensing chemistries. Despite these impressive demonstrations, most consumer‐grade wearables have been limited to biophotonic and biopotential sensing methods to extrapolate information such as pulse, blood oxygenation, and electrocardiograms. The only commercial example of wearable electrochemical sensing methods is for glucose monitoring. However, there is a growing interest in developing percutaneous biosensors for monitoring in interstitial fluid (ISF), which offers direct access to popular analytes such as glucose, lactate, and urea, as well as new targets like hormones, antibodies, and even medications. Herein, a brief context for the current status of wearable biosensors is provided and assess the major engineering successes and pitfalls of percutaneous biosensors over the past five years, with a view to identifying areas for further developments that will enable deployable, clinical‐ or consumer‐grade systems.
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Two-dimensional (2D) layered materials that integrate metallic conductivity, catalytic activity and the ability to stabilize biological receptors provide unique capabilities for designing electrochemical biosensors for large-scale detection and diagnostic applications. Herein, we report a multifunctional MXene-based 2D nanostructure decorated with enzyme mimetic cerium oxide nanoparticle (MXCeO2) as a novel platform and catalytic amplifier for electrochemical biosensors, specifically targeting the detection of oxidase enzyme substrates. We demonstrate enhanced catalytic efficiency of the MXCeO2 for the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and its ability to immobilize oxidase enzymes, such as glucose oxidase, lactate oxidase and xanthine oxidase. The designed biosensors exhibit high selectivity, stability, and sensitivity, achieving detection limits of 0.8 μM H2O2, 0.49 μM glucose, 3.6 μM lactate and 1.7 μM hypoxanthine, when the MXCeO2 and their respective enzymes were used. The MXCeO2 was successfully incorporated into a wearable fabric demonstrating high sensitivity for lactate measurements in sweat. The unique combination of MXenes with CeO2 offers excellent conductivity, catalytic efficiency and enhanced enzyme loading, demonstrating potential of the MXCeO2 as a catalytically active material to boost efficiency of oxidase enzyme reactions. This design can be used as a general platform for increasing the sensitivity of enzyme based biosensors and advance the development of electrochemical biosensors for a variety of applications.more » « less
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A novel electrochemical glucose sensor was created for a simple but semiquantitative visual screening of specific glucose concentrations in urine. This noninvasive glucose biosensor integrated a disposable, paper-based sensing strip and a simple amplifier circuit with a visual readout. The paper strip consisted of five enzyme-activated electrodes. Each electrode was connected to a specific indicator circuit that triggered a light-emitting diode (LED) when a predefined glucose concentration was reached. The device features (1) low-cost, disposable, paper-based glucose oxidase (GOx)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) sensing electrodes, (2) simple signal amplification, and (3) on-site, rapid, and visual detection. The sensor generated reliable, discrete visual responses to determine five glucose levels (1, 2, 3, 4, and higher than 4 mM) in urine in less than 2 min. This innovative approach will provide a simple but powerful glucose sensing paradigm for use in POC diagnostics.
- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript1.0
- Conference Paper:
- https://doi.org/10.1145/3594739.3610787
