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1. Color sorting and color term evolution

   https://doi.org/10.1002/col.22918  

   Lindsey, Delwin T. ; Brown, Angela M. ; Violette, Aimee N. ; Lange, Ryan ; Deshpande, Prutha S. ( January 2024 , Color Research & Application)

   When participants sort color samples into piles, Boster showed that their color groupings can resemble the “stages” of Kay and McDaniel's model of color term evolution. Boster concluded that both the unfolding of color piles in a sequential color sorting task and the unfolding of color terms according to Kay and McDaniel's model reveal how human beings understand color. If this is correct, then: (1) pile sorts should be reasonably robust across variations in the palette of colors to be sorted, as long as the palette contains good examples of Berlin and Kay's universal color categories, and (2) pile‐sorting should be more related to lexical effects and less related to perceptual processes governed by similarity judgments alone. We report three studies on English speakers and Somali speakers (Study 1 only), where participants sorted colors into 2…6 piles. The three studies used varying numbers of palette colors (25, 30, or 145 colors) and varying chromaticity schemes (mainly hue, widely‐separated in hue and lightness, or densely distributed at high chroma). We compared human sorting behavior to Kay and McDaniel's model and to the “optimal” patterns of color sorting predicted by Regier's well‐formedness statistic, which quantifies the perceived similarity between colors. Neither hypothesis is confirmed by the results of our studies. We propose that color sorts are determined by pragmatic influences based on heuristics that are inspired by the palette of colors that are available and the task that the viewer is asked to perform.

    

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2. Color naming across languages reflects color use

   https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1619666114  

   Gibson, Edward ; Futrell, Richard ; Jara-Ettinger, Julian ; Mahowald, Kyle ; Bergen, Leon ; Ratnasingam, Sivalogeswaran ; Gibson, Mitchell ; Piantadosi, Steven T. ; Conway, Bevil R. ( October 2017 , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences)
3. Color superfluidity of neutral ultracold fermions in the presence of color-flip and color-orbit fields

   https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.97.023632  

   Kurkcuoglu, Doga Murat ; Sá de Melo, C. A. ( February 2018 , Physical Review A)
4. Color Crafting: Automating the Construction of Designer Quality Color Ramps

   https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2019.2934284  

   Smart, Stephen ; Wu, Keke ; Szafir, Danielle Albers ( January 2020 , IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics)

   Visualizations often encode numeric data using sequential and diverging color ramps. Effective ramps use colors that are sufficiently discriminable, align well with the data, and are aesthetically pleasing. Designers rely on years of experience to create high-quality color ramps. However, it is challenging for novice visualization developers that lack this experience to craft effective ramps as most guidelines for constructing ramps are loosely defined qualitative heuristics that are often difficult to apply. Our goal is to enable visualization developers to readily create effective color encodings using a single seed color. We do this using an algorithmic approach that models designer practices by analyzing patterns in the structure of designer-crafted color ramps. We construct these models from a corpus of 222 expert-designed color ramps, and use the results to automatically generate ramps that mimic designer practices. We evaluate our approach through an empirical study comparing the outputs of our approach with designer-crafted color ramps. Our models produce ramps that support accurate and aesthetically pleasing visualizations at least as well as designer ramps and that outperform conventional mathematical approaches. 

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5. Mid- and Far-infrared Color–Color Relations within Local Galaxies

   https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac558a  

   Gregg, Benjamin ; Calzetti, Daniela ; Heyer, Mark ( March 2022 , The Astrophysical Journal)

   We present an extensive archival analysis of a sample of local galaxies, combining multiwavelength data from GALEX, Spitzer, and Herschel to investigate “blue-side” mid-infrared (MIR) and “red-side” far-infrared (FIR) color–color correlations within the observed infrared spectral energy distributions. Our sample largely consists of the KINGFISH galaxies, with the important addition of a select few including NGC 5236 (M83) and NGC 4449. With data from the far-ultraviolet (∼0.15μm) through 500μm convolved to common angular resolution, we measure the photometry of kiloparsec-scale star-forming regions 36″ × 36″ in size. Star formation rates (SFRs), stellar masses, and metallicity distributions are derived throughout our sample. Focusing on thef₇₀/f₅₀₀“FIR” andf₈/f₂₄“MIR” flux density ratios (colors), we find that a subsample of galaxies demonstrate a strong IR color–color correlation within their star-forming regions, while others demonstrate uncorrelated colors. This division is driven by two main effects: (1) the local strength of star formation (SF) and (2) the metal content of the interstellar medium (ISM). Galaxies uniformly dominated by high surface densities of SF (e.g., NGC 5236) demonstrate strong IR color–color correlations, while galaxies that exhibit lower levels of SF and mixed environments (e.g., NGC 5457) demonstrate weaker or no correlation—explained by the increasing effect of varying ISM heating and metal content on the IR colors, specifically in the MIR. We find large dispersion in the SFR–L₈(8μm luminosity) relation that is traced by the metallicity distributions, consistent with extant studies, highlighting its problematic use as an SFR indicator across diverse systems/samples.

    

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