skip to main content
US FlagAn official website of the United States government
dot gov icon
Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.
https lock icon
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( lock ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.


Title: The Ins and Outs of Socially Assistive Robots: Sensors and Behaviors of a Therapeutic Robot for Depression Management
Using socially assistive robots (SARs) as specialized companions for those living with depression to manage symptoms provides a unique opportunity for exploration of robotic systems as comfort objects. Moreover, the robotic components allow for specialized behavioral responses to particular stimuli, as preferred by the user. We have conducted semi-structured interviews with 10 participants about the zoomorphic robot’s TherabotTM desired behaviors and focus groups with five additional participants regarding the preferred sensors within the TherabotTM system. In this paper, using the data from interviews and focus groups, we explore SAR input and output for depression management. While participants overall expected the robot to respond in much similar ways as a well-trained service animal, they expressed interest in the robot understanding unique information about the environment and the user, such as when the user might need interaction.  more » « less
Award ID(s):
1900683
PAR ID:
10540518
Author(s) / Creator(s):
; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Publisher / Repository:
Springer Verlag
Date Published:
Format(s):
Medium: X
Sponsoring Org:
National Science Foundation
More Like this
  1. null (Ed.)
    Social robot co-design requires aiding users as they imagine these novel devices within their everyday lives and enabling designers to understand and address users’ experiences. This paper presents the exploratory development and evaluation of a role-playing game aimed at identifying the desired features and uses of a social robot that can assist people diagnosed with depression. Participants (n = 16) played the game as a character with depression, designed a companion robot for that character, and chose reactions to daily challenges. Though participants initially selected robot capabilities based on their own needs, after the game they identified alternative designs that would better address daily challenges faced by individuals with depression. We discuss aspects of the game that allowed participants to understand how various robot characteristics can address the experience of depression and suggest how role-playing games can support users and designers in identifying beneficial features and uses of emerging robotic technologies. 
    more » « less
  2. This paper presents a biomechanics‐based, user‐adaptive variable impedance controller designed to enhance the performance of coupled human–robot systems during motion. The controller integrates the biomechanical characteristics of human limbs and dynamically adjusts the robotic impedance parameters—specifically damping, stiffness, and equilibrium trajectory—based on real‐time estimations of the user's intent and direction of motion. The primary goal is to minimize the energy expenditure of the coupled human–robot system while maintaining system passivity. To address uncertainties in human behavior and noisy observations, the controller employs Bayesian optimization combined with a Gaussian process. To validate the proposed approach, human experiments are conducted using a standard robotic arm manipulator. The results demonstrate that the controller eliminates the need for manual parameter tuning, a process that is typically time‐consuming. A comparative analysis against two variable impedance controllers without user‐adaptive parameter adjustments reveal significant benefits, with the controller improving combined performance metrics—such as accuracy, speed, user effort, and smoothness—by over 13%. Notably, all participants in the study preferred the optimized controller over the alternatives. These findings highlight the effectiveness of the biomechanics‐based, user‐adaptive variable impedance control approach and its potential to enhance physical human–robot interaction in various applications that involve repetitive or continuous motion. 
    more » « less
  3. This paper presents an intensive case study of 10 participants in the US and South Korea interacting with a robotic companion pet in their own homes over the course of several weeks. Participants were tracked every second of every day during that period of time. The fundamental goal was to determine whether there were significant differences in the types of interactions that occurred across those cultural settings, and how those differences affected modeling of the human-robot interactions. We collected a mix of quantitative and qualitative data through sensors onboard the robot, ecological momentary assessment (EMA), and participant interviews. Results showed that there were significant differences in how participants in Korea interacted with the robotic pet relative to participants in the US, which impacted machine learning and deep learning models of the interactions. Moreover, those differences were connected to differences in participant perceptions of the robot based on the qualitative interviews. The work here suggests that it may be necessary to develop culturally-specific models and/or sensor suites for human-robot interaction (HRI) in the future, and that simply adapting the same robot's behavior through cultural homophily may be insufficient. 
    more » « less
  4. Past work has explored various ways for online platforms to leverage crowd wisdom for misinformation detection and moderation. Yet, platforms often relegate governance to their communities, and limited research has been done from the perspective of these communities and their moderators. How is misinformation currently moderated in online communities that are heavily self-governed? What role does the crowd play in this process, and how can this process be improved? In this study, we answer these questions through semi-structured interviews with Reddit moderators. We focus on a case study of COVID-19 misinformation. First, our analysis identifies a general moderation workflow model encompassing various processes participants use for handling COVID-19 misinformation. Further, we show that the moderation workflow revolves around three elements: content facticity, user intent, and perceived harm. Next, our interviews reveal that Reddit moderators rely on two types of crowd wisdom for misinformation detection. Almost all participants are heavily reliant on reports from crowds of ordinary users to identify potential misinformation. A second crowd--participants' own moderation teams and expert moderators of other communities--provide support when participants encounter difficult, ambiguous cases. Finally, we use design probes to better understand how different types of crowd signals---from ordinary users and moderators---readily available on Reddit can assist moderators with identifying misinformation. We observe that nearly half of all participants preferred these cues over labels from expert fact-checkers because these cues can help them discern user intent. Additionally, a quarter of the participants distrust professional fact-checkers, raising important concerns about misinformation moderation. 
    more » « less
  5. Socially assistive robots can be used as therapeutic technologies to address depression symptoms. Through three sets of workshops with individuals living with depression and clinicians, we developed design guidelines for a personalized therapeutic robot for adults living with depression. Building on the design of Therabot™, workshop participants discussed various aspects of the robot’s design, sensors, behaviors, and a robot connected mobile phone app. Similarities among participants and workshops included a preference for a soft textured exterior and natural colors and sounds. There were also differences – clinicians wanted the robot to be able to call for aid, while participants with depression differed in their degree of comfort in sharing data collected by the robot with clinicians. 
    more » « less