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High‐performance affinity microcolumns with entrapped humic acid were utilized to investigate interactions between this natural carrier agent and several classes of antibiotics that are common emerging environmental contaminants, or micropollutants. Aldrich humic acid was used as a general model for this type of binding agent. Chromatographic studies under various temperature and mobile phase conditions were used to characterize interactions of the humic acid with the antibiotics sulfadiazine and sulfamethoxazole (sulfonamides), clarithromycin (a macrolide), and lincomycin (a lincosamide). It was determined by this approach that sulfadiazine and sulfamethoxazole had moderate affinities for the humic acid at pH 7.0 and 25°C, with distribution equilibrium constants (KD) of ∼2–3 × 10^1 L/kg and global affinities (nK’a) of ∼0.8–1.0 × 10^3 M^−1. Lincomycin and clarithromycin had stronger binding, with KD and nK’a values of 3.8–7.5 × 10^2 L/kg and 1.3–2.6 × 10^4 M^−1. All the antibiotics had a negative for this binding, representing spontaneous reactions, and a negative change in enthalpy; however, the change in free energy due to entropy was positive in some cases but negative in others. The binding strength decreased in each case as the ionic strength increased. A change in pH also affected binding, as was consistent with the presence of significant electrostatic interactions from some of the antibiotics. These experiments demonstrated how affinity microcolumns could be employed to study such interactions quickly and with only small amounts of binding agent. The fundamental information obtained through this analytical technique should be valuable in characterizing the transport and activity of these antibiotics in the environment and in adapting this approach to the study of other binding agents and micropollutants that may be found in water.
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Analysis of interactions between pharmaceuticals and humic acid: Characterization using entrapment and high-performance affinity microcolumns
The presence of pharmaceuticals as microcontaminants in the environment has become a particular concern given the growing increase in water reuse and recycling to promote global sustainability of this resource. Pharmaceuticals can often undergo reversible interactions with soluble dissolved organic material such as humic acid, which may be an important factor in determining the bioavailability and effects of these compounds in the environment. In this study, high-performance affinity microcolumns containing non-covalently entrapped and immobilized humic acid are used to examine the binding strength and interactions of this agent for tetracycline, carbamazepine, ciprofloxacin, and norfloxacin, all common pharmaceutical microcontaminants known to bind humic acid. The binding constants, as measured with Aldrich humic acid, have good agreement with values reported in the literature. In addition, the effects of temperature, ionic strength, and pH on these interactions are examined with the humic acid microcolumns. This technique made it possible to determine the relative importance of electrostatic interactions vs non-polar interactions or hydrogen bonding on these binding processes. This study illustrates how affinity microcolumns can be used to screen and uniformly quantify binding by pharmaceuticals with humic acid, as well as to study the mechanisms of these interactions, with this information often being acquired in minutes and with small amounts of binding agent (~0.3 mg per microcolumn, which could be used over 200-300 experiments). Use of entrapment and affinity microcolumns can support similar research for a wide range of other microcontaminants with humic acid or alternative binding agents found in water and the environment.
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- PAR ID:
- 10556572
- Publisher / Repository:
- Elsevier
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Journal of Chromatography A
- Volume:
- 1737
- Issue:
- C
- ISSN:
- 0021-9673
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 465427
- Subject(s) / Keyword(s):
- Humic acid Pharmaceuticals Interaction studies Affinity microcolumn High-performance affinity chromatography
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
-
Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465427
