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This paper reviews the state-of-art articles on instructional technologies for hospitality and tourism education. The types of technologies, roles in instruction, theoretical underpinnings, assessments, benefits, and challenges are synthesized. Education context, knowledge, skills, and attitudes developed through instructional technologies are also explored. Virtual reality, virtual games, social media, online courses, and simulations have been primarily used. Instructional technologies were applied to facilitate content delivery, practice, communication, assessments, feedback, and authentic learning experiences. Most studies did not ground their educational technologies in defensible learning theories. Only a limited number of studies employed adoption theories to examine the intention of using technologies. Further studies should investigate whether certain instructional technologies provide significant benefits to learning relative to their costs.
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This content will become publicly available on November 13, 2025
Metaverse-based simulation: a scoping review of charting medical education over the last two decades in the lens of the ‘marvelous medical education machine’
Background: Over the past two decades, the use of Metaverse-enhanced simulations in medical education has witnessed significant advancement. These simulations offer immersive environments and technologies, such as augmented reality, virtual reality, and artificial intelligence that have the potential to revolutionize medical training by providing realistic, hands-on experiences in diagnosing and treating patients, practicing surgical procedures, and enhancing clinical decision-making skills. This scoping review aimed to examine the evolution of simulation technology and the emergence of metaverse applications in medical professionals' training, guided by Friedman's three dimensions in medical education: physical space, time, and content, along with an additional dimension of assessment. Methods: In this scoping review, we examined the related literature in six major databases including PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, and ERIC. A total of 173 publications were selected for the final review and analysis. We thematically analyzed these studies by combining Friedman's three-dimensional framework with assessment. Results: Our scoping review showed that Metaverse technologies, such as virtual reality simulation and online learning modules have enabled medical education to extend beyond physical classrooms and clinical sites by facilitating remote training. In terms of the Time dimension, simulation technologies have made partial but meaningful progress in supplementing traditional time-dependent curricula, helping to shorten learning curves, and improve knowledge retention. As for the Content dimension, high-quality simulation and metaverse content require alignment with learning objectives, interactivity, and deliberate practice that should be developmentally integrated from basic to advanced skills. With respect to the Assessment dimension, learning analytics and automated metrics from metaverse-enabled simulation systems have enhanced competency evaluation and formative feedback mechanisms. However, their integration into high-stakes testing is limited, and qualitative feedback and human observation remain crucial. Conclusion: Our study provides an updated perspective on the achievements and limitations of using simulation to transform medical education, offering insights that can inform development priorities and research directions for human-centered, ethical metaverse applications that enhance healthcare professional training.
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- Award ID(s):
- 2202451
- PAR ID:
- 10557950
- Publisher / Repository:
- Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Annals of Medicine
- Volume:
- 56
- Issue:
- 1
- ISSN:
- 0785-3890
- Subject(s) / Keyword(s):
- Medical education augmented reality clinical simulation eXtended reality emerging technologies metaverse mixed reality virtual reality.
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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