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This dataset was used to answer the question: to what extent do flooding and warming alter plant-community structure in the high-latitude coastal wetlands of the Yukon-Kuskokwim (Y-K) Delta (Western Alaska, USA)? Over two years, we simulated periodic summer tidal flood events at two severity levels and passively increased summer temperatures in a full-factorial field experiment, and measured alterations in aboveground plant functional group (PFG) biomass and composition. We simulated low-severity and high-severity flooding to represent near-future flooding regimes for the Y-K Delta, projected respectively in the next ~5 and ~10 years. The experiment was established in a wet sedge-shrub meadow, an ecotype covering greater than 10% of the vegetated area of the central coast of the Y-K Delta. We characterized aboveground plant-community structure using the point intercept frequency (PIM) methodology. We clumped vascular plant species into five broad PFGs: graminoids, deciduous and evergreen shrubs, forbs, and standing-dead graminoids.
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Projected near‐future flooding and warming increase graminoid biomass in a high‐latitude coastal wetland
Abstract: With rapid climate warming, some coastal high‐latitude ecosystems are experiencing more frequent tidal floods. Yet little is known about tundra plant‐community responses to flooding, and whether Arctic warming may modulate such responses.In a 2‐year, full‐factorial field experiment in coastal tundra wetlands of the Yukon‐Kuskokwim (Y‐K) Delta (western Alaska), we simulated periodic tidal flood events at two severities under both ambient and warmed summer conditions and measured above‐ground plant‐community responses. Low‐severity flooding represented overbank flooding 1 day per month, which is consistent with projections in the next 5 years. High‐severity flooding represented a more impactful flooding regime (three consecutive days per month) that is projected to occur in the next 10 years. Our warming treatment (+1°C) also represented a change projected in the next 10 years.Regardless of temperature, high‐severity flooding increased graminoid biomass by >45%, in turn increasing live plant‐community biomass by >18%. Low‐severity flooding had similar, though weaker, effects. Flooding had overall negative effects on both forb and shrub biomass, though shrub responses were weaker. Only during the second summer, warming increased graminoid biomass by 20% and tended to increase shrub biomass, regardless of flooding. Concurrently, warming enhanced standing‐dead graminoid biomass by 20%, while high‐severity flooding decreased it by 15%. Therefore, wet tundra that was both flooded and warmed had the greatest proportion of graminoids and total live biomass, but standing‐dead biomass comparable to that of unmanipulated wet tundra. While our manipulations simulated flooding and warming regimes expected in the wetlands of the Y‐K Delta over the same, near‐future (5‐to‐10 years) time frame, flooding had stronger effects than warming. What is striking is the rate at which graminoid increases occurred, becoming apparent after only two monthly flood events in the first experimental year. Flooding‐induced decreases in standing‐dead biomass suggests that the incorporation of dead plant material into the litter layer might be facilitated by tidal floods. These rapid increases in plant biomass and potentially biomass turnover, especially of graminoids, which are characterized by high‐quality litter, may have major implications for carbon and nutrient cycling of more frequently flooded coastal ecosystems in a warmer Arctic.
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- PAR ID:
- 10558545
- Publisher / Repository:
- British Ecological Society
- Date Published:
- Journal Name:
- Journal of Ecology
- Volume:
- 112
- Issue:
- 12
- ISSN:
- 0022-0477
- Page Range / eLocation ID:
- 2715 to 2730
- Subject(s) / Keyword(s):
- Arctic tundra climate change open-top chamber (OTC) plant functional group (PFG) roots tidal floods Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (Alaska)
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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- Free Publicly Accessible Full Text
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Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Article:
- https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.14418
