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1. Heritable Viruses as Hidden Drivers of Insect Phenotypes and Evolution

   https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-121423-013439  

   Parker, Benjamin J; Rozo-Lopez, Paula (January 2026, Annual Review of Entomology)

   Recent studies using metatranscriptome sequencing have revealed a diversity of viruses associated with insects. Researchers have used various approaches to establish patterns of transmission of insect-specific viruses and have shown that insects often harbor viruses that are inherited from parents to offspring. It remains unclear, however, whether heritable viral symbioses can be understood in the same ecological and evolutionary framework that has been established for bacterial symbiosis. We review studies showing beneficial and pathogenic effects of heritable viruses on their hosts, and we discuss additional ways that heritable viruses shape insect evolution. We also compare bacterial and viral symbiosis and review ways that this emerging field can be used for biocontrol of pests and insect-borne pathogens. Heritable viruses are a key part of the ecology and evolution of insects. A framework for studying symbiosis between insects and these microbes is important for a comprehensive understanding of insect biology. 

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2. Identification of a Female-Produced Sex Attractant Pheromone of the Winter Firefly, Photinus corruscus Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)

   https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-023-01417-2  

   Lower, Sarah E.; Pask, Gregory M.; Arriola, Kyle; Halloran, Sean; Holmes, Hannah; Halley, Daphné C.; Zheng, Yiyu; Collins, Douglas B.; Millar, Jocelyn G. (April 2023, Journal of Chemical Ecology)

   Abstract Firefly flashes are well-known visual signals used by these insects to find, identify, and choose mates. However, many firefly species have lost the ability to produce light as adults. These “unlighted” species generally lack developed adult light organs, are diurnal rather than nocturnal, and are believed to use volatile pheromones acting over a distance to locate mates. While cuticular hydrocarbons, which may function in mate recognition at close range, have been examined for a handful of the over 2000 extant firefly species, no volatile pheromone has ever been identified. In this study, using coupled gas chromatography - electroantennographic detection, we detected a single female-emitted compound that elicited antennal responses from wild-caught male winter fireflies,Photinus corruscus. The compound was identified as (1S)-exo-3-hydroxycamphor (hydroxycamphor). In field trials at two sites across the species’ eastern North American range, large numbers of maleP. corruscuswere attracted to synthesized hydroxycamphor, verifying its function as a volatile sex attractant pheromone. Males spent more time in contact with lures treated with synthesized hydroxycamphor than those treated with solvent only in laboratory two-choice assays. Further, using single sensillum recordings, we characterized a pheromone-sensitive odorant receptor neuron in a specific olfactory sensillum on maleP. corruscusantennae and demonstrated its sensitivity to hydroxycamphor. Thus, this study has identified the first volatile pheromone and its corresponding sensory neuron for any firefly species,and provides a tool for monitoringP. corruscuspopulations for conservation and further inquiry into the chemical and cellular bases for sexual communication among fireflies. 

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3. A novel mitovirus associated with the fungal entomopathogen Zoophthora radicans

   https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0331239  

   Adler, Meaghan J; Martin, McKayla M; Rozo-Lopez, Paula; Parker, Benjamin J (September 2025, PLOS One)

   Debat, Humberto Julio (Ed.)

   Metatranscriptome sequencing has emerged as a powerful tool for uncovering viral diversity in insects and their associated microbes. To explore viruses linked to the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum), we performed metatranscriptome sequencing on field-collected samples. In addition to several known plant viruses, we assembled the genome of a new virus homologous to species in the familyMitoviridae, which are positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses that encode only an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and typically replicate in mitochondria. Given the frequent association of mitoviruses with fungi and the presence of entomopathogenic fungal reads in our dataset, we conducted 18S amplicon sequencing and PCR screening on individual aphids. These analyses identified two fungal entomopathogens and uncovered an association between the mitovirus andZoophthora radicans, a generalist aphid pathogen. Our findings shed light on the hidden microbial diversity in natural pea aphid populations and emphasize the utility of metatranscriptomics in identifying novel virus-host associations. 

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4. The Insect Virome: Opportunities and Challenges

   https://doi.org/10.21775/cimb.034.001  

   Bonning, Bryony C. (January 2019, Current Issues in Molecular Biology)

   The insect virome is composed of a myriad of viruses. Both field populations and laboratory colonies of insects harbour diverse viruses, including viruses that infect the insect itself, viruses of microbes associated with the insect, and viruses associated with ingested materials. Metagenomics analysis for identification of virus-derived sequences has allowed for new appreciation of the extent and diversity of the insect virome. The complex interactions between insect viruses and host antiviral immune pathways (RNA interference and apoptosis), and between viruses and other members of the microbiome (e.g. Wolbachia) are becoming apparent. In this chapter, an overview of the diversity of viruses in insects and recent virus discovery research for specific insects and insect-derived cell lines is provided. The opportunities and challenges associated with the insect virome, including the potential impacts of viruses on both research and insect management programs are also addressed. 

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5. Viral diversity and co‐evolutionary dynamics across the ant phylogeny

   https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.17519  

   Flynn, Peter J; Moreau, Corrie S (October 2024, Molecular Ecology)

   Knowledge of viral biodiversity within insects, particularly within ants, is extremely limited with only a few environmental viruses from invasive ant species identified to date. This study documents and explores the viral communities in ants. We comprehensively profile the metagenomes of a phylogenetically broad group of 35 ant species with varied ecological traits and report the discovery of 3710 novel and unique ant‐associated viral genomes. These previously unknown viruses discovered within this study constitute over 95% of all currently described ant viruses, significantly increasing our knowledge of the ant virosphere. The identified RNA and DNA viruses fill gaps in insect‐associated viral phylogenies and uncover evolutionary histories characterized by both frequent host switching and co‐divergence. Many ants also host diverse bacterial communities, and we discovered that approximately one‐third of these new ant‐associated viruses are bacteriophages. Two ecological categories, bacterial abundance in the host and habitat degradation are both correlated with ant viral diversity and help to structure viral communities within ants. These data demonstrate that the ant virosphere is remarkably diverse phylogenetically and genomically and provide a substantial foundation for studies in virus ecology and evolution within eukaryotes. We highlight the importance of studying insect‐associated viruses in natural ecosystems in order to more thoroughly and effectively understand host‐microbe evolutionary dynamics. 

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