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Nonergodicity and Simpson’s paradox present significant, yet underappreciated challenges in neuroscience. Leveraging brain imaging and behavioral data from over 4,000 children and a Bayesian computational model of cognitive dynamics, we investigated brain-behavior relationships underlying cognitive control at both between-subjects and within-subjects levels. Strikingly, we observed a reversal of associations of inhibitory control brain activations with dynamic behavioral measures when comparing between-subjects and within-subjects analyses, revealing the nonergodic nature of these processes. This nonergodicity was pervasive throughout the brain but most pronounced in the salience network. Additionally, within-subjects analysis uncovered dissociated brain representations of reactive and proactive control processes, as well as distinct brain-behavior associations for individuals who adaptively versus maladaptively regulated cognitive control. Our findings offer insights into dynamic neural mechanisms of cognitive control during a critical developmental period. This work highlights the importance of embracing nonergodicity in human neuroscience, with implications for both theoretical understanding and applications to AI and psychopathology.
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False Memories: What Neuroimaging Tells Us About How We Misremember the Past
Cognitive neuroscience is the interdisciplinary study of how cognitive and intellectual functions are processed and represented within the brain, which is critical to building understanding of core psychological and behavioural processes such as learning, memory, behaviour, perception, and consciousness. Understanding these processes not only offers relevant fundamental insights into brain-behavioural relations, but may also lead to actionable knowledge that can be applied in the clinical treatment of patients with various brain-related disabilities. This Handbook examines complex cognitive systems through the lens of neuroscience, as well as providing an overview of development and applications within cognitive and systems neuroscience research and beyond. Containing 35 original, state of the art contributions from leading experts in the field, this Handbook is essential reading for researchers and students of cognitive psychology, as well as scholars across the fields of neuroscientific, behavioural and health sciences. Part 1: Attention, Learning and Memory; Part 2: Language and Communication; Part 3: Emotion and Motivation; Part 4: Social Cognition; Part 5: Cognitive Control and Decision Making; and Part 6: Intelligence.
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- Award ID(s):
- 2000047
- PAR ID:
- 10587715
- Publisher / Repository:
- Sage Publications Ltd
- Date Published:
- ISSN:
- 21582440
- ISBN:
- 9781529753516
- Format(s):
- Medium: X
- Sponsoring Org:
- National Science Foundation
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